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Codeforces Round 496 (Div. 3): Problem Tutorials
By MikeMirzayanov, 6 years ago, translation, In English
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6 years ago, # |
← Rev. 6   Vote: I like it +15 Vote: I do not like it

The problem E1 is the same as that one.

translate
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    6 years ago, # ^ |
      Vote: I like it +3 Vote: I do not like it

    Although the problems are (very) similar, the one you linked does not ask the user to account for sequences of even length.

    While a rather small difference, it's still worth noting.

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6 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +18 Vote: I do not like it

Very detailed editorial Thanks

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6 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it 0 Vote: I do not like it

I like the solution for E2 .

I can only use segment tree nesting BST to count 3d partial order .

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6 years ago, # |
← Rev. 3   Vote: I like it +3 Vote: I do not like it

Can someone please tell me what's the error in this approach from Problem D? Solution

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
    ← Rev. 3   Vote: I like it +1 Vote: I do not like it

    Looks like you don't handle following case:

    3

    111

    Answer is 1, your code will return 0.

    Edit: or maybe you do, didn't see next for j loop. Will check with computer in an hour or so and come back with counterexample :)

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
      Vote: I like it +4 Vote: I do not like it

    Ok, found one (posting in another comment so you can get notification):

    313

    your code gives answer 1, but correct one is 2.

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6 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it 0 Vote: I do not like it

Can anybody help me out I can't understand why my same solution is both TLE and AC. AC:40160742 TLE : 40160895 It has cost me a problem in this contest which I was sure would pass the test cases.

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    The execution time of a code is not exactly the same when you run it all the time. There are various factors for this. For example — server load(i think).

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    its strange but i just removed comments it got Accepted,don't know why

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    I just copy pasted your code (One which got TLE without any change) and submitted it and it got AC: 40215523

    This is really strange.

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      6 years ago, # ^ |
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      Yeah that's the reason I posted it.It cost me a problem in contest which was assumed by me to be AC.

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6 years ago, # |
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For problem C why we are taking the upperlimit as 2^30? Because of range of int? And what if we use long int ?Is there any other way of solving this by Bit manipulation?

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
      Vote: I like it +2 Vote: I do not like it

    Because max a[i] is 10^9. 2^29 < 10^9 < 2^30

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      6 years ago, # ^ |
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      Shouldn't we take 2^31 as the upper limit? since sum of two number ,if each of them is 10^9 will be 2.10^9 and since 2^30 < 2.10^9 then we will need 2^31 for checking.

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6 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +1 Vote: I do not like it

how to solve E1/E2 using a binary indexed tree? Thank You

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    4 years ago, # ^ |
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    Approach is similar to editorial, but Fenwick tree will be used to solve a subproblem that is required to calculate the answer. Let's say $$$g(x)$$$ is number of $$$(l,r)$$$ pairs such that median of subarray $$$a_l,a_{l+1},\cdots,a_{r}$$$ is greater than or equal to $$$x$$$. So the answer to the original problem will be $$$g(x)-g(x+1)$$$.

    Now to calculate $$$g(x)$$$ let's create a new array $$$b$$$, where $$$b_i$$$ is $$$1$$$ if $$$a_i$$$ is greater than or equal to $$$x$$$ otherwise $$$b_i$$$ is $$$-1$$$. We know that for median to be greater than or equal to $$$x$$$ count of numbers greater than or equal to $$$x$$$ should be greater than the count of numbers less than $$$x$$$. Now the problem reduces to calculating number of subarrays in $$$b$$$ with positive sum. If $$$(l,r)$$$ is such a pair and $$$pre$$$ is the prefix sum array of $$$b$$$ then $$$pre[r]$$$>$$$pre[l-1]$$$. Now problem further reduces to counting for every index in $$$pre$$$ the count of numbers seen so far which are less than current number, which is a pretty standard problem that can be solved by Fenwick tree by adding one to all the numbers greater than $$$pre[i]$$$ before moving to $$$pre[i+1]$$$ and the count of such numbers will be the sum accumulated at that index. But here numbers can be negative so use an offset.

    Here is my submission using Fenwick tree.

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6 years ago, # |
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http://mirror.codeforces.com/contest/1005/submission/40129757

Why my code gives TLE on Test case 26 ? Is it because count in multiset is slow as compared to map ? This problem messsed up my rating anyway.

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6 years ago, # |
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E1 can anybody explain why does the segment p[l...r] have median equal to m, if and only if m belongs to it? What if I'm looking for median 3 and I have segment [2, 4]? The median of this segment is also 3, even though there's no 3 there.

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
    ← Rev. 2   Vote: I like it 0 Vote: I do not like it

    "If the length of the sequence is even, the left of two middle elements is used." Since the segment [2,4] is of even length, than the median will be the "left-middle" element. In this case 2.

    M must be in the sequence because the median will be equal to one of the elements in seg[l..r].

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    You are talking about average. Problem asks for median. Those are different notions.

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      6 years ago, # ^ |
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      No, he is talking about median. Median is usually defined as average of two middle values if lenght of an "array" is even. Of course, one should be aware of how it is described in the problem statement

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        6 years ago, # ^ |
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        Yeah, my fault. The version with average seems to be a different problem.

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        6 years ago, # ^ |
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        Yes, you are right, my mistake.

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6 years ago, # |
← Rev. 2   Vote: I like it 0 Vote: I do not like it

I didn't understood the concept of traversing the string in reverse in solution of problem D. Here is a simple code by TangentDay, I was using to understand: http://mirror.codeforces.com/contest/1005/submission/40122504

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    This helped me understanding the greedy solution, thanks. But there is actually no need to reverse the string, maybe that's why you couldn't understand the reason behind it. I couldn't find any reason or counter-example so I decided to submit without reversing and it got accepted.

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6 years ago, # |
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For problem D, greedy works fine. My submission : http://mirror.codeforces.com/contest/1005/submission/40141981

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    Will you please explain the logic behind this snippet:

    else if(szz(t) >= 18) t.erase(0,1);
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      6 years ago, # ^ |
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      During contest i wrote it to avoid overflow. Butin fact this line will never run. Because every third number have to be divisible by 3. Why ? For numbers to be divisible by 3, the sum of the numbers should be divisible by 3. So, there are only three possibilities for remainder 0, 1, 2 in which 0 is favorable. Let's say u get sum%3, 1, then 2 now it has to either repeat or 0. 0 is fine. If it is 1 that means sum from next to last 1 to here is zero. So it has to divisible by 3. This way you only have to check at most legth of 3 at each stage, abc, bc, c. Greedy works because you should take lengths as short to maximize the number. I hope it's clear.

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6 years ago, # |
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Hey, can any body help me understand problem E1 I can't understand the solution till now :)

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
    ← Rev. 3   Vote: I like it +5 Vote: I do not like it

    I feel like description is quite good. Can you tell me if there is a part in explanation that you specifically don't understand? If it's even first sentence, that's fine, just say it, It will be easier to help you that way.

    EDIT: negative votes for trying to help? Why? :)

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      6 years ago, # ^ |
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      I understood that he searches for the right L for every r but we in the map at beginning he mad C[0]=1; the map of sum=0 = 1 and for a case like: 2 2 1 2 ans = 1 but it comes from c[-1]+c[-2]=1 c[-1]=1 how come ?!

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        6 years ago, # ^ |
        ← Rev. 7   Vote: I like it +16 Vote: I do not like it

        Let's start with simpler, but similar problem. You have array containing only -1's and 1's. You want to find number of segments that end at position m and have sum equal to 0.

        How would you go with it if you did start from place where m is and go left to find all "good" segments? Probably will still calculate "sum" and check when it is equal to 0.

        What if you did start from the beginning though, iterate to the right and stopped at place where m should be analyzed? Obviously you already have some "sum" at this place. What positions for left side of segment are now "good"? Example: we have something like that:

        [1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1]

        and are looking for segments with sums equal to 0 with right side at the end of the array. Those one would be:

        [-1, 1, -1, 1] (so from "before" position 4 to "after" 7 with indexing from 0) and [-1, 1] (positions "before" 6 — "after" 7)

        What is sum at the end of the array if you did start from the beginning? 1+1+1+1+(-1)+1+(-1)+1 = 4. What is sum at our "good" left sides? 1+1+1+1 = 4 and 1+1+1+1+(-1)+1 = 4. Wow, they are all the same, but not equal to 0, why? It's because our prefix ([1,1,1,1]) affects all sums, but we want to cut it off! So now that we reached end of the array and have "sum" 4 we are looking for places that have also "sum" equal to 4. That way difference in sums between those places will be 4 — 4 = 0, so exactly what are we looking for.

        And now advantage of this approach lies in the fact that calculating how many segments end at the next position is just matter of checking how many places have "sum" equal to "sum" at this next place, no need for going through the whole array again.

        Now, also important is to add one to "sum = 0", why? Consider following:

        [1, 1, -1, -1]

        What are the right answers here if we are looking only at segments ending at the end of the array?

        only [1, 1, -1, -1] (so whole array, from position "before" 0 to position "after" 4)

        So how would our sums look like after each step:

        [1, 2, 1, 0]

        and you would look that at the end you have 0, so we need to count all other 0's that were there before. Unfortunately, we didn't consider segment starting at position "before" 0, because we were calculating only sums after going through each number (so positions "after" in my terminology). That's why our sums should rather look like this:

        [0, 1, 2, 1, 0]

        so we just added 0 at the beginning and now everything works. That's because thos sums are more like values inbetween values of original array (and that's also why there is one more value).

        I think that now coming back to original problem is quite straightforward. We are basically doing the same thing after converting all numbers to -1's and 1's. Also, we need to check both values for sums equal 0 and -1 as if there are both segments that can have odd number of elements, so m will be in the middle (and sum should be equal to 0) and those with even number of elements (so with sum equal to -1).

        Here is my related "painting mastery" prepared in, well, Paint: https://imgur.com/a/pHwTfzX

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          6 years ago, # ^ |
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          Thanks a lot, I understood after reading twice.

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          6 years ago, # ^ |
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          Thank you very much. awesome explanation.

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          6 years ago, # ^ |
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          it should be for 0 and 1 instead of 0 and -1. am i right?

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            6 years ago, # ^ |
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            (I am assuming you're asking for the last paragraph)

            Not exactly. Even in proposed solution you have ans += c[sum] + c[sum — 1], not c[sum] + c[sum + 1].

            Example:

            array [1, 2, 3, 4], m = 2

            good answers: [1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3, 4]

            "sum" after each step (with 0 inserted at the beginning): [0, -1, -1, 0, 1]

            At the last position you have sum = 1 and you need to look for segments with sum = 0 (so c[sum — 1], not +1), since that means that after you cut off that prefix you will be left with a segment where number of bigger elements is one more than number of smaller ones. You can look at it that way: when you refer to c[sum] + c[sum-1] you are not asking for sum in the current segment, but you are asking what prefix to cut off so that you will be left with your desired sum.

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      6 years ago, # ^ |
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      why ans+=c[sum]+c[sum-1] is the answer ??

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6 years ago, # |
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Can anyone explain me why using map I got TLE ? But work when using unordered_map .

Here is my code map 40152865 unordered_map 40153361

thank you!

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    std::map has guaranteed O(log N) complexity for search, insertion and deletion. It uses a comparison operator, and iteration happens in the order defined by that comparison operator.

    std::unordered_map only guarantees O(N) complexity for search, insertion and deletion, but you normally expect it to be O(M), where M is (more or less) the size of an individual key. Assuming keys are small relative to the number of items, it's basically O(1).

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    if(mp[j-a[i]]>=1){ If map does not contain j - a[i] value, it will create it and your code will check new created values, what goes into TL.

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
    ← Rev. 2   Vote: I like it +1 Vote: I do not like it

    To add to what Pi-nan said, while logn access would be completely fine for this problem normally, what is actually creating the problem is the way you're accessing the map. Checking if mp[j-a[i]] >= 1 will add the pair {j-a[i], 0} to the map if it doesn't already exist, and since that can happen many times, the size of the map can become very large. In that case, log(size_of_map) might actually be big enough to slow things down a bit, while the (amortized) O(1) access saved you in the second submission.

    For reference, look at 40168171 — I've fixed your map code to not do this, and it's actually faster than the unfixed unordered_map, with the memory usage also being positively tiny in comparison (8000kB vs 170000kB)

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6 years ago, # |
← Rev. 2   Vote: I like it +7 Vote: I do not like it

Well, I see structure/binary search in C, dynamic in D and I didn't read E1, E2 and F. Looks like div2 round (maybe a bit harder, 7 tasks instead if 5).

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6 years ago, # |
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Can someone explain why we do this: "So for each r that p[0..r] contains m do ans +  = c[sum] + c[sum - 1]". And why we add sums into c only before meeting m?

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6 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it +7 Vote: I do not like it

Why in code of E1, c[0]=1 is taken at the beginning?

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
    ← Rev. 3   Vote: I like it -7 Vote: I do not like it

    Consider the case where median (or m as in input) is at the first index of array p. There should be increment in ans there for pair (1,1). But ans will remain 0, if u don't initiliase c[0] = 1. Take other cases like 1 3 2 (m=2). You will realise this is the requirement to consider the pair or segment from beginning to median i.e. 2 here. Infact, as sum = 0 initilally we have to take c[0] = 1 to take all values from beginnning to median or after median for first time where sum becomes 0.

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    Let us denote position of m in the array as pos.

    We will be adding values to ans only for subarrays whose R (right index) is in the range [pos,n]. However, pos is a valid L (left index) as well, since it could be the starting index for a valid subarray. Hence they have used c[0] = 1. Let me know in case my explanation was unclear.

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6 years ago, # |
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In D why do we need to take z[i]=max(z[i], z[fin[r]] + 1) and not directly z[i]=z[fin[r]] + 1 in the editorial solution? It is getting wrong on case 11 but the input is too long to understand the logic

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
      Vote: I like it +3 Vote: I do not like it

    Because you are not considering the best value at z[i].. Consider the case s=1002 The output should be 2,but according to your logic you would get z[n]=1,thus neglecting the best value at z[n-1] which is 2.

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    Don't forget to do this : z[i] = z[i — 1] And then you want to maximize your answer so you do this z[i]=max(z[i], z[fin[r]] + 1). The point is that i-th number can either make answer bigger or not. So in case 11 you probably have already found best answer, but then did z[i]=z[fin[r]] + 1 and lost it.

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6 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it -8 Vote: I do not like it

In problem E2, Why did you say "In other words, find sum of all s[w], where w < sum" ?

i thinks, it should be "find sum of all s[w], where s[w] < sum" or not ?

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6 years ago, # |
  Vote: I like it -9 Vote: I do not like it

I think that the time limit for prob C was too rigid, My solution got time limit exceed at test case 28, the only thing I missed was storing the number of occurrences of all the numbers. I think that while programming we assume that all the numbers would be unique and writing code for this kind of optimization as unnecessary.

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
    ← Rev. 2   Vote: I like it 0 Vote: I do not like it

    So if we go along your thinking we should make all problems easier and easier to the point where all cases are just one big case and answer is always 42, right? :)

    Also, I'm not sure if you can claim anything about time limit writing in Java without fast I/O. Maybe you should try looking at codes of top coders writing in Java and specifically at how do they deal with reading input if you really want to stick with using this language for Codeforces. Petr is probably your "go-to user".

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      6 years ago, # ^ |
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      Ok, will check the input / output of the other java coders here. 28th was the last test case. That gave the burn.

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6 years ago, # |
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I am finding it really hard to understand dynamic programming approach for problem D.Could anyone please explain that briefly.

Thanks a ton.

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    it's basic DP. If you didn't understand this then don't worry first go and learn basic DP theory and solve some problems. Then come back, you will surely understand then that it's not that hard here.

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6 years ago, # |
← Rev. 2   Vote: I like it -8 Vote: I do not like it

can someone please help me with the test case 8 of C 40188877

Thanks in advance for the assistance.

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    Hey, writing just to let you know that someone here actually tried to help, so you are not alone :) Unfortunately I wasn't able to find main mistake, but few quick tips anyway:

    a) don't use pow if you don't have to — you can achieve here the same result by doing a[i] = 2 * a[i-1]

    b) don't use log2 if you don't have to — you can achieve here the same result by going through the number and checking number of bits set or just simply using __builtin_popcount (as you are using gcc)

    c) it's just easier to declare a[40] or something like that and then checking all bits up to 31 always than making some error-prone code like the one with "max" and "c" — imho you are not gaining enough time/space to justify writing so much additional code just for that purpose

    d) you have mistake for case with only one number 1 (although it's not why test case 8 doesn't work)

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      6 years ago, # ^ |
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      Thanks you so much, these tips matters a lot to me. I'll give my best shot to impliment all of these in my future codes.

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        6 years ago, # ^ |
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        Just to clarify: pow, log2 — > floating point types — > imprecision. Lots of explanations in internet if you are interested. Oh, if you find error please, please let me know. I looked at your code for like 2 hours or so. Logic looks fine to me. Either I'm blind or it's something really tricky.

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6 years ago, # |
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In question E1, why don't we consider any case when p[r]==m? Isn't that important?

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6 years ago, # |
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In e1 why you put c[o]=1?

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6 years ago, # |
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nice problemset and editorials are also awesome! thanks a lot :)

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6 years ago, # |
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I like the solution to D.My solution is TLE.hh.

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6 years ago, # |
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good

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6 years ago, # |
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A simpler approach to problem D — for a given number k find the smallest prefix that can be cut into pieces k of which are divisible by 3. It is easy to get the solution for k based on the solution for k - 1. This leads to a greedy solution to the original problem — solve for consecutive values of k starting from 1 until we reach the maximal value for which the solution exists.

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6 years ago, # |
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in the problem E1, why am i taking c[0]=1 ?? please explain me this

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6 years ago, # |
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What is wrong fwith my programm for problem D

include

include

using namespace std;

int main() { string str;

cin>>str;
int len = str.size();
long sum = 0;
int ctr = 0;
int x = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
    int num = str[i] - '0';
    if (x == 1 && num == 0)
       x = 0;

    x += num;
    if (x % 3 == 0) {
       ctr++;
       x = 0;
    }
}

cout<<ctr<<"\n";

return 0;

}

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    If you go to your last solution, click on it's id, scroll down you will see test with wrong answer. It's very small, so you should be able to debug based on it. Have you done that?

    Also, it's better to link your solution than paste code. Look at other comments.

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6 years ago, # |
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40527567 Some one please help me out, this giving a TLE in the 7 test case, and when i'm printing the it->first values for all elements of the "hash" named map declared, in the last for loop its giving some adding extra elements the same map. and may be this is the reason for TLE. Can someone please explain why all this is happening. Thanks in advance for your assistance.

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    6 years ago, # ^ |
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    http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/map/map/operator[]/

    Comment below example: "Notice how the last access (to element 'd') inserts a new element in the map with that key and initialized to its default value (an empty string) even though it is accessed only to retrieve its value. Member function map::find does not produce this effect."

    So when you do for example "hash[a[i] — it->first]" if "a[i] — it->first" is not in the map it will be inserted there with value 0, because that's how [] operator works on maps in cpp. You should use function "find" in this case.

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6 years ago, # |
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hey my approach for problem d was : 1. get the whole array in the following form arr[i] = (arr[i]%3) ; 2.you can prove by induction that greedy approach will work fine for example 1011 ans will be 1 no matter what you choose either full segment or only 1 -'0' 3 now see how many zeroes are there add them in ans; all '12' and '21' form strings form a multiple and one digit will only contribute to single multiple; and also all strings of the form '111' and '222' ;

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6 years ago, # |
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One thing I noticed solving the problem D -"Polycarp and Div 3" is that you can't write a string of digits having a length greater or equal to 3 without making a sub string that is divisible by 3. That's what I used solving this problem...

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6 years ago, # |
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https://mirror.codeforces.com/contest/1005/submission/54346249 anyone help I think my code is exactly like tutorial(actually better) C but still getting TLE

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5 years ago, # |
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I can't get D right. If someone can help me? https://mirror.codeforces.com/contest/1005/submission/78274818

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