Codeforces Round #485 Editorial

6 лет назад, # ^ |

+14

Let's look at strongly connected components of new graph. Each connected component of old graph lies inside one strongly connected component of new graph, and you can't go from one such strongly connected component to another. So we will run DFS from each that strongly connected component once.

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T.V_N

6 лет назад, # |

← Rev. 2 →

-27

Hihi Quang Dien brought me here.

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N.E.R.O

6 лет назад, # ^ |

-23

Wow!! Do you mean DoctorRYA of VietNam???

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NicolasCassia

6 лет назад, # |

In Div1 B, isn´t it easier just to transform one permutation into the other and count the number of steps it takes?

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

That's another way to count parity

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

-8

But, isn't it possible to swap the same pair more than once?

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kmyiu

6 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 2 →

Yes, we can swap the same pair more than once. But notice that it must take an even number of swaps to preserve the order, hence the parity and the answer will not be changed.

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 4 →

-10

Ah, So, NicolasCassia should compare the parity of the number of steps with the parity of 3n or 7n+1.

Thank you very much :)

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sanchezIII

6 лет назад, # ^ |

If from a given permutation the original can be reached with an even number of steps, why can not it also be with an odd amount?

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 2 →

I understand this truth, but don't know how to explain it other than like following:

After any number of distinct swaps, if I want to return to the previous case (before those swaps) I need to do the same number of swaps I have done before (and this can be understood by testing). So, the number you need to return to a previous case starting from this case is even.

So, if a permutation P1 can be reached from a permutatuon P0 with n number of steps, and you did s number of additional steps (anywhere between P0 and P1) and still end in P1, then this s is even. So, n + s has the same parity as n. Thus, if n was even, then any number of steps between P0 and P1 will be even, and vice versa.

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avinash.ac04

6 лет назад, # ^ |

Can you explain significance of 3n and 7n+1?? I am unable connect the dots here.

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

The setter want to obtain two number which are surely different in the parity.

Firstly, we should know the following two rules (or observations):

odd * even = even,

odd * odd = odd,

odd + 1 = even,

even + 1 = odd.

Then, let's discuss the two case of n:

If n is even, then 3n is even and 7n + 1 is odd.

If n is odd, then 3n is odd and 7n + 1 is even.

And this difference in parity is necessary to solve the problem.

Hope I understood your question and answered it.

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avinash.ac04

6 лет назад, # ^ |

Yeah, i got that. I am referring to the coded solution above. (ans^=1 and why "ans=1" implies Um_nik... "ans=0" implies Petr).

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 2 →

Oh, I understood you now, and really don't know what's happening in the code you referred to XD. Sorry for that.

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Patiala_Peg

6 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 2 →

any prove?? for odd swaps will definitely give odd parity and even will even

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hicodeworld

6 лет назад, # |

38770498

I can't understand this solution. Can someone explain this? Thanks.

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dmkz

6 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 2 →

Because it's a wrong solution, this is counter-test. True answer is "Um_nik", but this solution returns "Petr".

The authors of the problem did not assume a probabilistic solution, so there are no tests against them.

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hicodeworld

6 лет назад, # ^ |

You are right. But this solution can get Accepted. Emmm... Your test case is randomly generated data ? Maybe this solution based in some randomly theory?

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

+24

Well, yes, this solution uses that tests are randomly generated and it is correct for big n. However for n = 1000 + eps it has not very good probability of being correct. But I had very few (4 to be precise) tests with small n and it happened to be correct on all 4.

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dmkz

6 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 3 →

-6

This test is specifically directed against a probabilistic solution.

For example and fun, I can generated tests when this solution will be Accepted:

srand(123456);
cout << (rand() % 1 ? "Petr" : "Um_nik");

But this will not be a complete set of tests for this problem.

You can use this method of solution if you do not need to solve the problem completely (on some olympiads give a few points per each test).

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kanak893

6 лет назад, # |

D Getting TLE in D could anyone Help?

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cannabutter

6 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 2 →

for each good store vertices which produce it(in a vector).now run BFS for each good(reinitialzing the dist/vis array) and keep pushing back into a vector(answer vector) the dist(which is obviously minimum due to unweighted graph) from the vertices producing the current good.After that sort for each vertex its ans vector and sum up the first s elements and print it.

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kanak893

6 лет назад, # ^ |

I have used same logic u said but i am getting tle don't Know why

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cannabutter

6 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 2 →

maybe because you are using index of size n whereas it only needs to be of size k

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Vlad1k

6 лет назад, # |

Look here: 38736740 And what I should do with that?

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Dishant_18

6 лет назад, # ^ |

Maybe use long double instead of double! Link

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xuanquang1999

6 лет назад, # ^ |

Try to change from double to long double.

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dorijanlendvaj

6 лет назад, # ^ |

+26

What?!?!

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mathusalen

6 лет назад, # ^ |

Funny staff with mingw + windows. In a local machine with gcc+linux does not show this artifact.

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yeputons

6 лет назад, # ^ |

It's not MinGW or Windows specifically, it's floating point arithmetic in general.

Basically, the compiler is free to calculate one expression with more precision than needed by double (say, in 80-bit FPU registers) and the other one with 64 bits precision. These two results will be different when compared in 80 bits, hence non-zero output.

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mathusalen

6 лет назад, # ^ |

This could be an explanation

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6 лет назад, # |

-9

can someone give python code for binary fft

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6 лет назад, # |

← Rev. 9 →

For Div2B, during the contest I came up with this approach:

For any two positive integer numbers a and b:

a^b = b^a if (a = b), else

a^b < b^a if (a = 1), else

a^b > b^a if (a < b).

But got WA on pretest 5.

Today, I checked for the test I failed in and saw it was (2 4), then treated this test, but got WA on this test (2 3), then treated this and got AC.

Is really this last approach is correct for all a and b, or it just passed the tests?

BTW, it was easy to come up with this last approach because (2 4) and (2 3) are easy to think about.

38781062

.............

UPD: Sorry, I have just seen that what I wrote above had been discussed in the editorial. I apologize for my fault.

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baobab

6 лет назад, # ^ |

I got AC with similar solution: brute forced everything where a && b is small, otherwise using your logic.

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davidzhou

6 лет назад, # |

I did exactly what the tutorial says in div2C, and during the contest as well, but it gets TLE on test 11. Tried searching for similar solutions in python 2 but no one AC, can someone tell me what I got wrong?

38782761

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awoo

6 лет назад, # ^ |

Submit it on PyPy interpreter

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aryanc403

6 лет назад, # |

Why are some problem names written in russian instead of english in english version of editorial ??

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Swistakk

6 лет назад, # |

+30

I would like to just note that problems B from Div2 and D from Div1 have a lot in common. Solution to Div2B basically tells you how optimal sum looks like in Div1D ;). I don't know if it is intentional, but if not then it is funny coincidence.

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

+10

Yeah, I noticed it too. But it wasn't intentional :) Ddiv1 was in my problem bank for long time and easier problems were made up just for this contest.

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sharpowl_06

6 лет назад, # |

← Rev. 2 →

-23

;

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prathmesh_01

6 лет назад, # ^ |

See my code I used the same approach [Problem C] got AC(http://mirror.codeforces.com/contest/987/submission/38761812)

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sharpowl_06

6 лет назад, # ^ |

Made a simple yet fatal error ...thanks btw

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-is-this-fft-

6 лет назад, # |

Why did Div1B set a lower bound on n?

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

+37

For joke to work. It is usual condition for such problems.

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islammohsen

6 лет назад, # |

This is my solution for Div2 E 38777827

I am counting the number of swaps needed to obtain the permutation in O(nlogn)

how to calculate the number of cycles in permutation in O(n).

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GLAYS

6 лет назад, # ^ |

Just use a regular array instead of map, the numbers in the permutation <= 1e6.

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sourabh23

6 лет назад, # |

May someone please tell, why did my short solution got TLE to the problem Div1-B? Submission link. Is it because of distance function?

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berserker

6 лет назад, # ^ |

Since set does not have a random access iterator distance function takes O (n). Thats what makes it slow. For more see this

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Kyuu

6 лет назад, # |

← Rev. 2 →

Can someone explain how i get AC by usingthis solution on problem Div2-D

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P0LyFish

6 лет назад, # |

← Rev. 2 →

For div1D, 3^i always looks like 100000....000 (with i 0s) in base 3. So, why don't we just convert n (or n/2, or n/4) to base 3 (In O(LlogL)) and compare it with 3^i (in base 3)?

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geniucos

6 лет назад, # ^ |

+11

Can you convert it in base 3 that fast?

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P0LyFish

6 лет назад, # ^ |

I was wrong. Sorry.

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regularnerd

6 лет назад, # |

38793607 Getting TLE in problem D from Div. 2. Not sure what I'm doing wrong here, could anyone help?

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islammohsen

6 лет назад, # ^ |

In the bfs Don't push a node unless their cost will be updated and update the cost

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regularnerd

6 лет назад, # ^ |

Thanks! I made this change and got AC. But I don't understand one thing:

Earlier I was pushing the nodes irrespective of whether the cost would be updated; I was performing this check at the time of popping and stopping the BFS from a popped node if the cost is not to be updated. So basically in the BFS in my earlier submission, all the nodes were being operated on 2 times instead of 1 time (first time when it's pushed onto queue and second time when it's popped and I check for cost update). So this would be an optimization, right? The time complexity is the same? Please correct me if I'm wrong. Thanks again!

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

Actually a node will be pushed as many times as it's degree here ! Moreover, you might run into a cycle which will take you into an infinite loop !

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stilllHungry

6 лет назад, # |

How to solve Div2 E with mergesort ?

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I_love_ProParThinkNot

6 лет назад, # ^ |

Merge sort here is used to calculate the number of inversions of a permutation to find the permutation's parity.

Suppose your permutation is 4 3 2 1.

Divide it into two parts. 4 3 and 2 1.

Now, what are the number of inversions created due to 2? (number of pairs where a[i] > a[j] and i < j and a[j] = 2)

It's the number of elements larger than 2 in 4 3.

You can easily find that in the merge process of merge sort. When you are inserting 2 during a merge, the number elements left in the other half of the array is the number of elements larger than 2, isn't it?

So, for 1, when you have divided original array into 2 parts, you are adding 2 to number of inversions.

When you further divide 2 1 into 2 halves i.e. 2 and 1, you are adding another 1 to number of inversions.

This is just a basic gist, you can find details by googling about finding number of inversions using merge sort.

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divakar_tomar

6 лет назад, # |

I had used the logarithmic approach as discussed in the editorial but I am getting the wrong answer for x=y (where x and y are very big) but it is working fine on my local system. I am not able to figure out the exact reason why it is behaving differently on CF judge and my local system. Can someone please help me out to understand it?

Thanks in advance.

my solution

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6 лет назад, # |

Links to authors submissions are added.

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fr0st

6 лет назад, # ^ |

+17

Not available. Looks like something with the rights

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Errichto

6 лет назад, # ^ |

+32

If I remember correctly, you should submit by hitting an airplane submit button next to a problem in the problemset list:

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

Looks like the important part is "the problemset list". If I submit it in the contest, it is not visible because I'm manager of the contest. Anyway, thanks.

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HNO2

6 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 2 →

Well, the authors submissions links are not working properly. Please fix the problem, thanks. [UPD] I'm sorry for the unnecessary post too. I'll think before I post:)

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haribhatt34

6 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 3 →

[UPDATE] — Its working now. Sorry for the unnecessary post.

Your solution link is not working.

It keeps on saying,"You are not allowed to view the requested content"?

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

-48

Should be fixed now.

Last two comments are not helping.

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Marco_L_T

6 лет назад, # |

+10

For Div.1 E,can somebody elaborate the fenwick tree on euler tour tree or introduce some tutorial on it? How does it calculate the sum of on path to root in O(logn) time? Thanks a lot!

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Laiu

6 лет назад, # ^ |

+37

keep l[x] = starting time of x in euler tour, r[x] = ending time

If you want to set value of node x = val, then with fenwick you modify l[x] to val, and r[x] to -val.

Now say you have 2 nodes x, y and x is ancestor of y

The range of query will be l[x], l[y]. Every node on path from x to y will appear Exactly once on this path. And nodes that aren't on path appear twice, so they cancel out by the way we set values in fenwik tree.

So basically sum from root to x is query on (1, l[x])

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Marco_L_T

6 лет назад, # ^ |

Got it,thanks a lot!

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MrDindows

6 лет назад, # ^ |

+19

Also we can do that without fenwick tree at all. Just do dfs and keep sums to the root in the global array. In this case for each query we need to calculate sum sum_x + sum_y - sum_lca(x, y) - sum_{parent(lca(x, y))}. That will be $\text{[math]}$ solution.

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imposter_syndrome

6 лет назад, # |

can anyone provide links to more problems like Div1-B,Div2-E.. Thanks :)

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6 лет назад, # |

Can any one help me with solving Three displays problem using dynamic programming(DP)?

The states for the DP I visualised are current display label(1..N) and number of displays(1..3). For each display label I minimise and choose the best cost of one display, the best cost of two displays and the best cost of three displays.

I'm getting Wrong Answer. The case I'm missing is where I don't get the best cost of three display at any display labels. So now I'm kind of feeling stuck on how to re use the sub-problem's solution here? Can anyone help me with formulating the DP ?

My submission link contains my DP idea.

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AlexPop28

6 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 2 →

I solved it with dp. It might help if you look at my solution. I think it is easier to understand. http://mirror.codeforces.com/contest/987/submission/38737422

Hope I helped. Have a nice day!

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

Can you please tell the logic to solve using dp?or some material to study from these kind of problems...

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

Kakashi_150 Say i is the index of first display board, j is the index of second display board and k is the index of third display board of our answer, where i<j<k, We keep track of the best cost of two display boards cost(i)+cost(j) at dp(j) if font_size(j)>font_size(i). Then for each k we try to pair it with dp(j)[which holds the best cost of two boards already] if font_size(k)>font_size(k).

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

Thanks a lot for the idea.

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 2 →

Now if we increase the constraint, say length of the array is 10^5.

Can we arrive at an O(N) dp for the problem ? That was what I as trying to do in my initial submissions for this problem.

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6 лет назад, # |

← Rev. 2 →

+13

please explain O(6^(n/2)) approach for AND graph. thanks

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Kartik_Tripathi

6 лет назад, # |

I am getting TLE for Div2D in Java even though I used the same algo as the editorial. Someone suggested that using ArrayList in graphs in Java is inefficient. Does anyone has links to some articles that explains the alternative well?

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dalex

6 лет назад, # ^ |

Read graph to ArrayList[], then copy its contents to int[][]. Use int[] for queue in bfs. It should be enough.

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(http://http://mirror.codeforces.com/contest/987/submission/38820851)

6 лет назад, # |

Dear Um_nik,

Please explain your second solution to F with complexity O(6^(n/2))

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Sandip_Jana

6 лет назад, # |

Continuously getting TLE in problem Div2D with Java solution . I dont understand whats wrong.

If anyone can help :(

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prathmesh_01

6 лет назад, # |

← Rev. 2 →

In problem C And Graph, why do we have to consider the second class of edge (x,2)-->(x|(1<<k),2)?

In case of third class of edge (~x,2)-->(x,1) , the AND of (2^n-1-x)&x is zero , so we can keep this edge, but x&(x|(1<<k)) is non zero so why keep this edge,though this edge might be useful in leading to some y such that x&y=0, how does it actually work?

Also, many submissions I saw used transition from x--> x^(1<<k) if kth bit is set, where x^(1<<k) is the subset of x if I'm not wrong(I read it in SOS DP). What is the difference between going from a. x--> x^1<<k if kth bit is set and b. x--> x|1<<k if kth bit is not set, can someone please explain me the whole thing correctly im too much confused. Thanks;)

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

Here is my editorial to problem F. I think it's easier to understand. Let me know if you have any doubts. :)

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prathmesh_01

6 лет назад, # ^ |

First, Thanks for an excellent editorial, very nice I understood what I was missing , thankyou so much;)

I used the same approach but I am getting runtime error- stack overflow, I use java.

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http://mirror.codeforces.com/contest/987/submission/38892597

6 лет назад, # ^ |

Hey, thanks a lot :) ... I don't know why it's getting RTE. Try removing the variable arr you'll reduce the amount of memory consumed that way and try again.

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Jonno

6 лет назад, # ^ |

Thanks! This is a very good explanation :)

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abba5

6 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 2 →

can someone explain me why am i getting WA in test case 14 (F. AND Graph Div 2)?

i am using dsu to solve the problem

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

Didn't understand your logic ... Please explain it clearly

You can read the blog link I posted to understand my approach.

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abba5

6 лет назад, # ^ |

a < b and if a&b = 0

then i will change the vale of ane[b]=ane[a] it means b is connected with a so ane[b] != b

if c < b and b&c = 0 so if c is not connected with a graph but b is connected with a so i will change ane[c]=ane[b]

and in the end if(ane[c]==c) that means c is not connected with any prw graph so i will add 1 in my ans...

Ex.

4 3 1 3 4

so we see than in first loop (for i=1 and j=3,4)

1&3 != 0 (no cnange ) ane[4]=1 | ans=1

in sec loop (for i=3 and j=4)

now 3&4 == 0

but ane[4]=1 so i will change ane[3]=ane[4]

in sort i am just checking if a or b is prw. connected or not

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

So, does each vertex have only one edge in your approach ?

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abba5

6 лет назад, # ^ |

yes we can say that

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

i think there can be 2 edges... assume some p and q and r S.T p<q<r among many possibilities we can say that p&q=0 and q&r=0 will be true and thus there are 2edges for q.

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

it also means that the upper bound will only N/2 as each vertex has only one edge.

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 3 →

*******DELETED******

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21August

6 лет назад, # ^ |

Damn dude how did you make such a hard problem into a piece of cake? :D. Nice solution and very easy to understand.

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 2 →

Thanks a lot :)

Please read my other posts to see if you like any of them too :)

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

Hello ghoshsai5000 First of all your editorials are superb.Thanks a lot. I have a problem with question E :Petr and permutations, i have solved it differently and it is quite short code. Can you look at it once and tell me where i am wrong? Here is the link: (https://mirror.codeforces.com/contest/987/submission/39357325)

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

Thank you for your compliments :)

You are not counting the number of inversions correctly. Give me some time to give a counter example to show why that way of counting is wrong. :)

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

Please tell me bro....

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

Take 2341

So you would do

3241
3214

But you need three swaps !

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

Can you tell me what we have to do after counting inversions and why? I have counted inversions using mergesort but it is showing wrong answer on test case 3.....link

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

The idea is to count the number of swaps you need to arrive at the current permutation. Check the parity of the number of inversions.

I know how to do it with segment trees and cycle decomposition, but I don't know how to do it with merge sort. I think there's some mistake in that part.

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

The parity checking is correct. The parity of number of inversions should be equal to parity of number of operations.

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6 лет назад, # |

What is the O(s(m + n)) solution to D ?

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6 лет назад, # |

Inspite of the controversy surrounding this contest over the delayed queue length and the tight memory limits, I actually enjoyed this contest quite a lot ! I loved the problems and 3 of them inspired me to write blog posts.

Here is the repository of all my solutions to problems of this contest, along with explanations.

All my blog posts have some more exposition. Please read them and get back to me with any doubts or corrections. :)

I have written a blog post about B here.

I have written a blog post about E here.

I have written a blog post about F here.

(All the problems were quite beautiful :) )

Note — I have not written a blog post about C, but the repository of all my solutions also contains an O(n log n) solutions to C with segment trees. It's quite easy to understand if you know how to count the number of inversions using a segment tree. It's the same idea. First we sort elements by font size, and keep track of every elements cost and position. Then, one by one, we insert the elements in ascending order of font size into a minimum tree for cost. When we insert element x, all elements with font size smaller than x have already been inserted, so to know the smallest cost, we simply query the tree from (1, position(x) — 1).

We do the same thing for the right too, except now we insert the elements, one by one, from the largest font size. This time when we insert x, we have already put all elements with a font size greater than font size(x). So to get the minimum cost, we query the tree from (position(x) + 1, n).

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ankeshgupta007

6 лет назад, # |

Can someone explain update complexity in 1E(Prince's Problem).

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Odin-

6 лет назад, # |

← Rev. 2 →

+21

(in div1B)

Why the generated tests have to be generated randomly!?

I mean hacks were disabled and we're guaranteed that input is random, even though the official solution does not rely on randomness of the input!

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brdy

6 лет назад, # ^ |

or else the joke wouldn't be complete

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prashiksahare110044

6 лет назад, # |

Can I get a hint for solving Div2-D in O(s(m+n))?

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Qhb

6 лет назад, # ^ |

← Rev. 2 →

Hi~

Also I don't know the optimum solution, but here is my thought. Hope it help

When we run BFS for one specific town, we don't need to record all information of k goods. Once get s goods, we get the answer. This is to say, no need to use the sort stuff.

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bertho_coder

6 лет назад, # |

For problem F — Oppa Funcan Style Remastered, why can't we use the solution of m >= 3 for m = 2? It seems to fit inside the TL. Am I missing something?

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6 лет назад, # ^ |

I don't think that even 1 dijkstra on graph of size 3·10⁷ fit in TL, not to say 50 of them.

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bertho_coder

6 лет назад, # ^ |

Yes, you are right. My bad, I misread the value of k to be 10⁵.

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