Hey All!
Topcoder SRM 772 is scheduled to start at 07:00 UTC -5, Dec 11, 2019. Registration is now open in the Web Arena or Applet and will close 5 minutes before the match begins.
Thanks to abdullahkool768 and vivek1998299 for writing the problems for the round. Also thanks to misof and adamant for coordinating and testing the round.
This is the fifth SRM of Stage 1 of TCO20 Algorithm Tournament.
Stage 1 TCO20 Points Leaderboard | Topcoder Java Applet | Next SRM 773 — Dec 21, 12:00 UTC-5
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Good luck to everyone!
Either the time-and-date link is wrong, or it doesn't start in 4 hours ^^
hmehta was the time changed? I am pretty sure It was 21:30PM IST for me when I saw it earlier.
500 is a really nice problem!
I expect somebody to say "Oh, it was in Polish subregional in Chrząszczyżewoszyce in 2012, it's such a standard trick". For me, it was fresh.
thank you :)
Great, can't even solve 250... The combinatorial formula seems obvious, but how to compute it fast since M is non-prime??
you can simplify it to get answer as a product of contiguous integers which can be computed using segment tree or any data structure.
The answer is $$$\left[X \cdot (X-1) \cdot \dots \cdot (X-K+1)\right] \cdot (N-K)!$$$. You can compute the first term using Fenwick tree with multiplication modulo $$$M$$$.
How can we use Fenwick tree to calculate the first term? Won't we need to calculate multiplicative inverse in that case?
Observe how you calculate such a product with a segment tree. In each node, you either
You can do the same with bitwise magic in a Fenwick tree.
I don't have that in my codebook, so I simply used a (slightly slower) segment tree with multiplication over a finite field:
Binary Lifting?
Here's an image of a Fenwick tree.
How would you compute the product of the range [4, 7]? Unlike in a full seg tree, there are no segments starting at 4.
Oops, you're right. I've read about a modification of Fenwick tree to support min-queries, and mixed it up.
Even a slightly easier option is to use sqrt-decomposition. You need to add 4 lines of code to the loop computing the result.
Really nice round! For Div1 all three were nice problems, especially for Div1 500 — it was so moving when I have come up with the solution. Definitely one of the best problems of this year!
thank you a lot!! When I thought of this problem, the first solution which came to my mind was using max flow, then when I observed the flow carefully I realized that it could be done using greedy strategy.
1000:
The terms you need to sum have the form $$$\frac{N!}{R! (N-R)!} \cdot \frac{1}{R + Q} \cdot P(R)$$$, summed from R = 0 to N.
The $$$R+Q$$$ term is annoying, but if we absorb it into the $$$R!$$$ term, we can rewrite this as $$$\frac{N! (R+1)\dots(R+Q-1)}{(R+Q)!(N-R)!} P(R)$$$, which can be seen as $$$\binom{N+Q}{R+Q}$$$ times some new polynomial in R, $$$P_2$$$. Polynomial $$$P_2$$$ has small degree as K and Q are small.
Now this can be computed by the binomial theorem: $$$\sum_{i=0}^{A} \binom{A}{i} (i)(i-1)\dots(i-k+1) = A(A-1)\dots(A-k+1)\sum_{i=0}^{A-k} \binom{A-k}{i} = A(A-1)\dots(A-k+1)2^{A-k}$$$. It's left to represent $$$P_2$$$ as a sum of polynomials of the form $$$x(x-1)\dots(x-k)$$$, where k ranges between [Q-1, Q+K-1].
We can also kinda get rid of the annoying $$$R+Q$$$ by getting rid of everything else instead. Just write $$$R = (R+Q)-Q$$$, $$$R+P = (R+Q)+(P-Q)$$$ and expand using the binomial theorem, which leaves us with $$$\sum_{-1 \le k \le K} \sum_R {N \choose R} (R+Q)^k A_k$$$. The terms with non-negative $$$k$$$ can again be expanded and $$$S_{N, k} = \sum_R {N\choose R} R^k$$$ can be rewritten as e.g. matrix exponentiation.
Then we need to compute $$$\sum_R {N\choose R} \frac{1}{R+Q}$$$, which seems to have a reasonably nice closed form (says WolframAlpha for small $$$Q$$$).
What's the closed form? (To me, computing this sum is the hard part of the problem.)
The answer to that can be obtained by integrating x^(Q-1)*(1+x)^N under limits 0 to 1 which can be done using dp in O(Q) time. :)
for Q=4, the denominator is clear and the numerator is 2^n * poly(n) + constant...
Sure, but what's the polynomial, if you say there's a closed form? Even if you have an expression for the polynomial, it has degree Q, and doesn't necessarily follow that you can easily evaluate in O(Q) time instead of O(Q^2).
I said seems to have, it looks nice enough that it could have one. Maybe it doesn't.
Actually when $$$Q$$$ is fixed it is P-recursive of order $$$2$$$ and degree $$$1$$$, so the values for $$$N = 0, ..., Q$$$ can be computed in time $$$O(Q)$$$.
My thoughts without Wolfram Alpha: consider the polynomial f(x)=sum(c(n,r)*x^(r+q)/(r+q)). We need to find f(1). f'(x)=sum(c(n,r)*x^(r+q-1))=x^(q-1)*(1+x)^n. Now we need to find the integral of that, which we can do by integrating by parts q-1 times. The formula will thus have q terms with some powers of two and partial factorials.
Didn't manage to code this in time, though :)
Good idea. It's indefinite $$$\int (x+c)^a (x+d)^b = \sum_{k=0}^b \frac{(-1)^k (x+c)^{a+1+k} (x+d)^{b-k} a! b!}{(a+1+k)!(b-k)!}$$$, so
and then, $$$\sum_r {N \choose r} r^a$$$ can be computed as $$$\sum_r {N \choose r} r^a e^{rx}$$$ at $$$x=0$$$, which is the $$$a$$$-th derivative of $$$\sum_r {N \choose r} e^{rx} = (1 + e^x)^N = (1 + \sum_{k \ge 0} \frac{x^k}{k!})^N$$$, which is $$$a!$$$ times the coefficient at $$$x^a$$$ of this sum. Since $$$a$$$ is $$$O(K)$$$ here, this can be found easily with fast exponentiation.
Can you explain how do you calculate $$$a$$$ th derivative of $$$(1+e^x)^N$$$ .
I couldn't understand this part: "which is $$$a!$$$ times the coefficient at $$$x^a$$$ of this sum. Since $$$a$$$ is $$$O(K)$$$ here, this can be found easily with fast exponentiation.".
Edit: Got it. Nice approach :)
Here goes my ugly solution (which I completed in during the challenge phase :(
$$$\sum_{r=0}^N \binom{N}{r} r^k = 2^N f_k(N)$$$ where $$$f_k$$$ is a polynomial of degree around $$$k$$$.
$$$\sum_{r=0}^N \binom{N}{r} \frac{1}{r+Q} = \frac{(Q-1)!}{(N+1)\cdots(N+Q)} (2^N g_Q(N) + (-1)^Q)$$$ where $$$g_Q$$$ is a polynomial of degree around $$$Q$$$. I found this by looking at the sequence, making them integers, and using OEIS...
You need to compute sums of the form
for $$$Q-1\le k\le Q-1+K,$$$ but it isn't immediately obvious how your explanation above addresses this. It took me a while to realize that this sum can be easily computed given
and
...
How to solve div1 — 500 ?
I can only solve the specific case which all the points are arranged in a line. It can be solved with a greedy algorithm, taking the points one by one from the two sides of the line to the "outside set".
When you move a point from outside to inside, the variable "inside" increases by the sum of its distances to all inside points and the variable "outside" decreases by the sum of its distances to all outside points. That means inside-outside increases by the sum of its distances to all points. We need to find these sums, sort them and add the points in that order.
Cool idea! Thanks a lot!
Maybe this is a very bad question, but how can I view the contest problems? The UI seems confusing to me.
The problems will be pushed here: https://community.topcoder.com/stat?c=round_overview&er=5&rd=17743 in 24 hours.
I liked the problems in Div 2 very much (especially 500 was very cool). Looking forward for the editorial!
ETA of problems in practice room?
Is this SRM unrated? It disappeared from Contest Arena
They added this SRM at wrong place in practice.
Practice Room -> Tournament -> SRM 772 instead of usual Practice Room -> SRM -> SRM 772.
When editorials will be released?