they are in Recent Actions, they are seen by younger people); - replying to an
old editorial with, tutorials can be useful now and if they are in Recent Actions, they are seen by
younger people
→ Pay attention
→ Top rated
| # | User | Rating |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Benq | 3792 |
| 2 | VivaciousAubergine | 3647 |
| 3 | Kevin114514 | 3611 |
| 4 | jiangly | 3583 |
| 5 | strapple | 3515 |
| 6 | tourist | 3470 |
| 7 | Radewoosh | 3415 |
| 8 | Um_nik | 3376 |
| 9 | maroonrk | 3361 |
| 10 | XVIII | 3345 |
→ Top contributors
| # | User | Contrib. |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Qingyu | 162 |
| 2 | adamant | 148 |
| 3 | Um_nik | 146 |
| 4 | Dominater069 | 143 |
| 5 | errorgorn | 141 |
| 6 | cry | 138 |
| 7 | Proof_by_QED | 136 |
| 8 | YuukiS | 135 |
| 9 | chromate00 | 134 |
| 10 | soullless | 133 |
→ Find user
→ Recent actions
You can use several words in query to find by all of them at the same time. In addition, if you are lucky search understands word forms and some synonyms. It supports search by title and author. Examples:
305— search for 305, most probably it will find blogs about the Round 305andrew stankevich contests— search for words "andrew", "stankevich" and "contests" at the same timeuser:mikemirzayanov title:testlib— search containing "testlib" in title by MikeMirzayanov"vk cup"— use quotes to find phrase as istitle:educational— search in title
Results
1.
[Feature request] Some suggestions for blogs I wanted to suggest some improvements for the blog system. Some of these things have probably been said before. Some of these things should be pretty easy to implement, others are harder and might require a complete rework. I tried to put the easy things first.
[cut]
$~$
#### Let's do something about necroposting
This is probably my biggest pet peeve about Codeforces blogs. Most of the time, Recent Actions is filled with very old blogs, some of which have been brought up for pretty much no reason at all. Currently, we have [useful C++ "library](https://mirror.codeforces.com/blog/entry/8387) from 2013 in Recent Actions, where the recent comment answers an old question which has already been answered better. Similarly, there is [How to add friends?](https://mirror.codeforces.com/blog/entry/2006) which was brought up to make some joke that has already been done.
The thing is though, a lot of the time these blogs are not brought up by trolls or anything like that. They are brought up by hel...
2.
FAQ, Advice & AMA This post assumes you're super ambitious.
But don't take any advice too seriously -- we're all different. This is simply what worked for me and might work for you. Choose your own path.
#### Useful Links
- [LI2 Contests](https://mirror.codeforces.com/blog/entry/131164) -- used this course when I was starting out.
- [usaco.guide](usaco.guide) -- a collection of great articles & problems on almost all topics.
- [OI Checklist](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/15b1ZaP1owTfTcA4vQ69A5S_wUd_vJmM8Slwu6FiWgP4/edit?usp=sharing) -- my OI Checklist.
- [Pavel Mavrin's youtube channel](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9WDkCyUlNTncq1Y-mFSgLQ) -- watched his great lectures when I was younger :)
- [qoj.ac](qoj.ac), [loj.ac](loj.ac), [dmoj.ca](dmoj.ca), [oj.uz](dmoj.ca), ...
#### How do I start?
**Advice:** join a great community (school, club, ...), try solving problems, and find someone who can answer your silly questions.
I wouldn't have started CP if not for my school. Of c...
://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9WDkCyUlNTncq1Y-mFSgLQ) -- watched his great
lectures when I wasyounger
3.
When Dreams Come True: The only solve on N at ICPC WF 2020. _Addendum: This is mostly about the story behind our solution to N. To see more about the math, see [here](https://mirror.codeforces.com/blog/ekzhang)_
When I was younger, fairytales always captivated me, with their nice and clean stories. All through my life I've liked the idea of having a fairytale ending to a life arc, but I was frequently disappointed. Many times after an unsuccessful experience, one simply gets more unsucessful experiences and then time runs out...
At ICPC recently, I was lucky enough to finally attain my fairytale ending to my competitive programming career. I figured I would tell the fairytale, to close a career that started about 6 years ago.
On my World Finals team, my role is to help the team get hard math problems, as I haven't actively processed algorithms in years. So imagine my delight when my teammate ([user:ekzhang,2021-10-06]) points out that problem N reduces to finding a vector so that the (l2)-norm of x is r, and $Ax = b$ for a matrix $A$ and vect...
[here](https://mirror.codeforces.com/blog/ekzhang)_ When I was younger, fairytales
always captivated me, When I was younger, fairytales always captivated me, with their nice and clean
stories. All through
4.
Stories of a girl programmer Good afternoon, Sofia Kurta is not my name, but in the photo, it is indeed me in my younger years. I was a participant in many olympiads during my childhood, and later I was a volunteer at some olympiads, for example, EGOI.
So, let's get to the essence of the differences between men and women in the field of programming from my experience. Fortunately, in my country, there are already positive trends regarding this: you can regularly see wise and smart girls at IOI, and the top prize spots are often filled by women. This is obviously progress compared to the sexist past years. But if you take a closer look, the peak for the ratio of the female part of the team to the male is about half, while for men, it is normal to fill the whole team. This is terrible.
Here's where I see the root of the problem — what is the situation with this share of girls at previous stages? You can barely find them there. The problem here is already in the system itself and in the approach of teachers who...
Good afternoon, Sofia Kurta is not my name, but in the photo, it is indeed me
in myyounger years
5.
How to be red: Arpa [user:Arpa,2021-02-28]'s interview:
_-Salam AmirReza_
-Salam Natalia
_-Do you remember becoming red?_
-Yes, exactly one year ago, for the first time, I touched red just with 2405 :))
[cut]
_._
_-Did you celebrate it?_
-For sure, I celebrated it in my mind for several days. But if you mean a real celebration, with others' participation and some sweet, drink and food, no. I was in my hometown at that time, and my little brother and my parents became happy.
_-Was becoming red the most special for you, or getting some other color was more emotional?_
-I remember when I reached Candidate Master. I was 15 at that time. Note that at that time, purple was starting from 1700. That was very nice. But for sure, becoming red was much more emotional.
_-What color was your goal when you started?_
-I rarely had a goal. Becoming red became my goal in 2019. Especially, I never imagined that I could sometime reach IGM. I exactly remember the contest Globa...
learn to code. _-Do you teach your younger brother or let him find his own
way?_ -Yes. I'm, _-Do you teach your younger brother or let him find his own way?_ -Yes. I'm
teaching him. He
6.
Ten Years of Competitive Programming 5 Hey, Codeforces!
I’m AmirReza PourAkhavan, the former Codeforces Contest Coordinator. I let the story become complete, and I’m sharing it now.
The story is about a 16-year-old competitive programmer who left his family and migrated to another city alone to follow competitive programming. After seven years, he advanced to the International Collegiate Programming Contest World Finals twice.
Read the previous parts: [1](https://mirror.codeforces.com/blog/entry/107465), [2](https://mirror.codeforces.com/blog/entry/108838), [3](https://mirror.codeforces.com/blog/entry/114356), [4](https://mirror.codeforces.com/blog/entry/122483).
**Read the Persian version** [**here**](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1TN8pnS_8te7MLDYzMjlDxFrElNVjE4ZWjo1Ak-JJdmc/edit?tab=t.isfroku1gx3e).
This part covers from December 2016 to November 2017.
## The Codeforces Contest
Our contest was held on Codeforces, and it broke several records.
- The record for the highest number of upvotes on an editorial.
- The record f...
out with younger Olympiad students. I still remember when the assistant
principal told me, It was September 5th, around noon. The weather was pleasant. I went out with
one of theyounger, younger Olympiad students. I still remember when the assistant principal told
me, “PourAkhavan, I don’t
7.
Announcement of Codeforces Round #379 (Div. 2) Hello, Codeforces!
Tomorrow, in [November 15, 2016 at 19:35 MSK](http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?day=15&month=11&year=2016&hour=19&min=35&sec=0&p1=166) a regular Codeforces round for participants in the second division will be held. As usual, participants from the first division can take part out of competition.
I ([user:alex256,2016-11-14]) am the author of the contest. It's my first round and I hope it won't be the last. Great thanks to Gleb Evstropov ([user:GlebsHP,2016-11-14]) for help in preparing the contest, Andrey Kalendarov ([user:Andreikkaa,2016-11-15]) for testing the round and Mike Mirzayanov ([user:MikeMirzayanov,2016-11-14]) for the great platforms Codeforces and Polygon.
As usual, the participants will be given 6 problems and two hours to solve them. I recommend to read ALL the problems. I wish everyone many <b><font color="green">Accepted</font></b> and, of course, enjoy solving the problems.
The problems will be about my younger brother...
and, of course, enjoy solving the problems. The problems will be about my
younger, The problems will be about my younger brother Anton. I hope you'll like them :)
8.
ICPC : GO FOR GOLD Announcing GO For Gold Campaign (Powered by NST)
----------------------------------------------------
#### Greeting Indian ICPC contestants !!
--------------------------------
India is home to some of the brightest minds in the world, and our potential is undeniable. Yet we have a long way to go regarding Competitive Programming at ICPC. While Indian teams have shown great promise by reaching to World Finals but getting a medal is still something which we are still trying to achieve. But with our current talent and potential, we can and will achieve this.
At NST, we believe the potential exists, and what’s needed is structured guidance, consistent mentorship, and a platform to hone these skills under expert supervision. That’s why we created Go For Gold, a program focused on building a culture of competitive programming excellence in India, not just for one college or a year, but as a long-term init...
programming arena. India needs a deep culture of competitive problem. We want
to makeyounger, India needs a deep culture of competitive problem. We want to make younger kids
aware of
9.
Iran National OI Team Selection Contests Hello everyone!
We are glad to invite you to participate in the Iran National OI Team Selection contests.
Every year in Iran, the Iranian National Olympiad in Informatics (INOI) committee conducts a summer camp to choose 8 top students to prepare them for next year's IOI and a spring camp to choose 4 out of those 8 to form the Iranian national team in IOI.
After the successful experience of holding the mirror of last year’s summer camp contest with few contestants, we are going to have the mirror of our national team selection on a larger scale.
The level of these contests is around the IOI, and harder than the contests of the summer camp, and the point of holding the mirror of these contests is to help the IOI participants from other countries to prepare better for the IOI, and Persian younger students to have experience of these contests and prepare better for the future.
 to see how our first edition brought together the Egyptian CP community and beyond.
NUCPA is primarily designed for the Egyptian competitive programming community, while welcoming participants from around the world. The contest follows the ICPC style, providing a fair and challenging environment that encourages learning, teamwork, and growth.
<p align="center">
<img src="/predownloaded/3f/14/3f14c50bb56bce35acce2d425ba9c25443796f6e.jpg" alt="NUCPA 2026" width="80%">
</p>
## How the Contest Works
The contest begins wit...
- Participants must be **25 years old or younger** - Compete in **teams of
two** - Open to, Additional special awards are given to: - **Teen teams** (all members 18 or
younger) - **Nile
11.
Ten Years of Competitive Programming 4 Hey, Codeforces!
I’m AmirReza PourAkhavan, the former Codeforces Contest Coordinator. I let the story become complete and I’m sharing it now.
The story is about a 16-year competitive programmer, who left his family and migrated to another city alone to follow competitive programming. After seven years, he advanced to the International Collegiate Programming Contest World Finals, twice.
Read the previous parts: [1](https://mirror.codeforces.com/blog/entry/107465), [2](https://mirror.codeforces.com/blog/entry/108838), [3](https://mirror.codeforces.com/blog/entry/114356).
**Read the Persian version** [**here**](https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vSUoFC9tLgDCji6rSCYy-RYoUG1_6uOQnHz_LlLKe6KksWBYWO4r6clDly5YxIgzu1g3Tj31weDxgWz/pub).
What happened previously
===
I was a lone programmer, in a small city, trying to learn CP and prepare for the Iran National Olympiad. It was not as successful as I expected. I tried to change my school and I immigrated to Tehran, alone. I entered AE high s...
and was two years younger than me. He had emailed me a year earlier, asking me
to show him the way, finished ninth grade at the time and was two years younger than me. He had
emailed me a year earlier
12.
ICPC 2025-2026 season "covid rule" Hello everyone, we are facing a problem due to changes in the rules of participation in the ICPC qualification. And these changes seem unfair to us!
We want to report this issue to the community and hear your opinion. Please give feedback if you have any thoughts on this.
So, about the rules:
In 2020 (covid year), the ICPC organizers introduced a rule according to which participation in the 20/21 online qualification will not be counted in the number of possible participation in the qualification:
A student who has competed in qualifying regional contests during five different contest years is NOT eligible to compete. **Regional participation 2020/21 is not counted towards the max 5 regionals!**
https://web.archive.org/web/20220324023911/https://icpc.global/regionals/rules
In 2023, this rule was unexpectedly removed for the 2025-2026 season:
1. A student who has competed in qualifying regional contests during five different contest years is NOT eligible to compete wi...
of the participants. Those of them who are older than that no longer pass by
age, andyounger ones, pass by age, and younger ones did not participate season 20/21, because they
were not yet students.
13.
Yandex.Algorithm 2016 Flex your programming muscles in Yandex.Algorithm, an annual international programming championship organised by Yandex, one of the largest internet companies in Europe and Russia's leading search provider.
Anyone over 18 – regardless of education, profession or programming style – has a chance of reaching the finals and winning up to the equivalent of $4,500, while participation in the preliminary rounds is also open to younger competitors from age 6. The top 512 participants according to the cumulative result of all three elimination stage rounds will receive a contest T-shirt.
The warm-up round takes place online on May 10, starting at [21:00 Moscow time (UTC+3)](http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?year=2016&month=5&day=10&hour=21&min=0&sec=0&p1=166). It is followed by the qualification round, which takes place online on May 21 starting at [00:00 Moscow time (UTC+3)](http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?year=2016&month=5&day=21&hour=00&min=0&se...
preliminary rounds is also open to younger competitors from age 6. The top 512
participants according to, rounds is also open to younger competitors from age 6. The top 512
participants according to the
14.
Save Ukrainian Olympiads 2021 ### A bit about Ukrainian Olympiad system
Every region in Ukraine has a quotа for every olympiad. Quotа is a number of people region can send to the final(=4th) stage of All-Ukranian olympiad(AUO for short), from where people to tst (Team Selection Test to international olympiads) are chosen. Region must send at least one person fro every grade which participates in AUO(so in informatics 9-11 grades participate, in math 8-11, etc.). Quota for a year x is counted from region rating on years x-1 and x-2. Rating is based on region performance in that year AUO.
### About AUO in 2019-2020 and 2020-2021
So in years 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine decided cancel olympiads(only AUO in 2019-2020) in Ukraine at all. In 2019-2020 3rd stages of olympiads and test to 4th stage were already done, so volunteers just helped to make 4th stage, tst to international olympiads, and participation there(it was done for math and informatics, idk about other subjects...
variant. From 3rd stage, for every participating grade(if you are younger that
minimal, you, (if you are younger that minimal, you participate in it) top40 were taken to
4th stage. And 1 person
15.
Session with Bill Paucher on the Quora On the 26th of September there was the second [session with Bill Paucher on the Quora](https://www.quora.com/session/Bill-Poucher/2). There were less questions, but answers were not less interesting. For example, three of them:
<br>
<div style="background-color: #fafafa; padding: 1em;">
<b><a href="https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-pre-requisites-for-starting-competitive-programming-aimed-at-developing-strong-coding-skills/answer/Bill-Poucher" style="color:black;">What are the pre-requisites for starting competitive programming aimed at developing strong coding skills?</a></b>
<br><br>
I really don’t know. Look at the works of the younger generations of the ICPC extended family (pretty much everything out their on the Internet that relates to sports programming). But let me give it a try, assuming you don’t have resources.
<br><br>
<ul>
<li>Start by building a small club.</li>
<li>Start recruiting the best professor teaching data structures and algorithms. Don’t look at crede...
I really don’t know. Look at the works of the younger generations of the ICPC
extended family, They're brilliant and work hard! They're often 2 years younger than the average
age of a contestant
16.
Greeting and an interview with the legendary Gennady Korotkevich _Hi, Codeforces!_
My name is Una and recently I became a part of the Codeforces team. Unfortunately, I’m not a programmer, but I’m happy to help with other things.
For example, if you win a T-shirt, you'll receive a message asking you to update your personal information, and I do it. ;)
As a new person in this area, I am interested in all the news. Recently I read an interesting interview with the legendary Gennady [user:tourist,2019-06-15] Korotkevich on the ITMO news portal. The interview is dedicated to the victory in the “Science and Life” category of the "TOP 50. The Most Famous People of St. Petersburg" award of the Sobaka.ru magazine. Codeforces team join others in congratulating!
The editors of the portal allowed to share the article on the Codeforces pages (and we are very grateful for this). Original article published at [http://news.ifmo.ru/ru/university_live/achievements/news/8550/](http://news.ifmo.ru/ru/university_live/achievements/news/8550/).
Gennady doesn'...
already university students. I placed second. When I was younger, university
students were still, placed second. When I was younger, university students were still invited to
the ceremony. They’d
17.
Codeforces Round #367 (Editorial) **A**
------------------
We know that time=distance/speed. For each car we should find $time_i$, than if it is less than answer we should update it.
Time Complexity: **O(n)**.
[Solution](http://pastie.org/10935013)
**B**
------------------
Consider $c[x]$ the number of stores in which the price per drink is $x$.
We calculate this array prefix sum. Then the following options:
1) If the current amount of money $m$ is larger than the size of the array with the prefix sums than answer is $n$.
2) Otherwise, the answer is $c[m]$.
Time Complexity: **O(n+q)**.
[Solution](http://pastie.org/10935012)
**C**
------------------
We will solve the problem with the help of dynamic programming. $dp[i][j]$ is the minimum amount of energy that should be spent to make first $i$ strings sorted in lexicographical order and $i$-th of them will be reversed if $j$ = 1 and not reversed if $j$ = 0. $dp[i][j]$ is updated by $dp[i-1][0]$ and $dp[i-1][1]$. It remains to verify that t...
query like "? X" will descend the forest of high-order bits to whether the
younger and now we can, " will descend the forest of high-order bits to whether the younger and now we
can look XOR in the i
Tutorial of Codeforces Round 367 (Div. 2)
18.
GoForGold IOI Bootcamp — India <center>
<img height="100px" src="/predownloaded/67/2f/672f239a4b390e85db2408790f5907770547fdb2.jpeg">
<img height="90px" src="/predownloaded/6b/b4/6bb4c1baf053e08ac2257bee4fe8c479b133272b.png">
</center>
Hi everyone!
We are thrilled to announce that the [GoForGold](https://goforgold.in/) IOI Bootcamp is coming this Summer, on **May 25-June 6, 2025**! After carefully considering various academic schedules, competition dates, and feedback from our community, we've selected these dates to accommodate as many talented young programmers as possible.
This intensive training program will be hosted at the [Newton School of Technology](https://www.newtonschool.co/newton-school-of-technology-nst/home) Campus in Sonipat, Delhi, and is brought to you by the GoForGold.
The bootcamp is specifically designed to prepare talented students for the International Olympiad in Informatics by providing intensive training, practice, and mentorship. Our goal is to expand India's competitive pr...
India's competitive programming talent pool of IOI-ready students, enabling
younger members of the CP, programming talent pool of IOI-ready students, enabling younger members of the
CP community to excel
19.
Codeforces contests performance improving tips ^^ _Recently, I've successfully promoted to become a candidate master on Codeforces, which is one of my target this year. And to celebrate this, here is my first blog on Codeforces._
**Climbing ranks on Codeforces takes time** _(unless if you known the platform and the contests well in the first place)_. During that time, by pushing yourself to climb to your target ratings, you might find out that you learned a lot. E.g.: more efficient coding skills and strategies, more cohesive thinking and more creative algorithms or uses of data structures,.... That's why I always tell myself
[cut]
that decreasing of ratings is okay, as long as you learned something after _\*that\*_ contest. That's the first tips on climbing: **To have a positive mindset**.
I heard some avoids rating decrease by violating contest rules (for example: submitting others' codes) and get a _"skip"_ after the system calculating rating changes. I think this is not showing the sportsmanship and fairness when partici...
, really close)_. All three, though 1 year younger than me ( _As the publishing
of this blog, I'm 17_, ] _(really, really close)_. All three, though 1 year younger than me ( _As the
publishing of this
20.
Analysis Codeforces Beta Round #75 <p><strong>Problems A(div2), B(div2)</strong><br></p>In these problems you should only realize what was written is the statement. In problem <em>B</em> wasn't recommended to use BigInteger in Java because of slow speed.<br><p><strong>Problem C(div2), A(div1)</strong><br></p>In this problem letters from $s1$ should be taken greedily: take the left letter from the right of the last used letter, if there is no necessary letter from the right of the right used letter the the search should be started from the beginning of string $s1$ and the answer should be increased by one. But the brute solution get $TL$ and have complexity $O(Ans*|s1|)$. <br><br>This solution can be optimized using the following way. For every position in $s1$ let's precalculate positions of the closest letters from the right of it from the alphabet. It can be done by moving from the right to the left ins $s1$ and remembering the last position of every type of symbol. This solution have complexity $O(|s1|*K + |s2|)...
are no walruses who have age younger then walrus $i$. It's obviously because
$Min_j$ is the minimum, such $j$ there are no walruses who have age younger then walrus $i$. It's
obviously because $Min_j$ is
Tutorial of Codeforces Beta Round 75 (Div. 1 Only)
Tutorial of Codeforces Beta Round 75 (Div. 2 Only)
21.
Summer Training Camp in Saratov “Sazanka 2012” <img src="http://assets.codeforces.com/photos/sazanka-2010/large-IMG_2742.JPG" style="width:350px;float:right;margin:1em;"></span></h2><h2>The first information letter</h2><br>
### General information
In the first part of August 2012 Saratov State University runs an international student summer school in computer programming. The exact dates are 1-11 of August. Teams of
three people and individual participants are invited to take part in it.
The school will take place in a picturesque place at one of Saratov resort centers on the Volga bank. The participants will be
provided comfortable rooms for 2-4 people and meals three times a day. The resort center owns a beach and sport grounds.
<img src="http://assets.codeforces.com/photos/sazanka-2010/large-IMG_2552.JPG" style="width:330px;float:left;margin:1em;">
It will be 10 training days. The school includes lectures by Saratov state university coaches, joint trainings, problems tutorials
and topical workshops. The curriculu...
curriculum is designed for younger university students who aspire to achieve
high results at programming, designed for younger university students who aspire to achieve high results at
programming
22.
April Fools Day Contest 2014: editorial Unfortunately, the most anybody could solve was 7 problems out of 9 total. 1289 participants solved at least one problem — this is less than the last year's numbers, but not bad either. Anyways, the key point is the total quantity of fun the people had!
#### [problem:409A]
The Most Intellectually Challenging Game In The World turned out to be the famous rock-paper-scissors. One could deduce this from the examples — ok, the rock () didn't look itself, but paper [] and especially scissors 8< looked really lifelike!
Team competition is organized like this: players are split into pairs, with one player of each team in each pair, and pairs play against each other (the first line of input has "moves" of first team's players, the second line — of second team's players). The team which scores more individual victories wins.
By the way, the game is not so trivial as it looks -
[cut]
there are big tomes written about the strategies, game ethics and organizing club...
irony of the letter, in which a mature alchemist shares the secrets of trade
with hisyounger, younger colleague. Or you can neglect the twists and fast forward to solving
the problem, if you
Tutorial of April Fools Day Contest 2014
23.
Unordinary post-ICPC careers Most of ICPC veterans I know joined companies like Google, Facebook, Yandex or some younger tech startups ([1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looksery), [2](http://www.aimtech.com/), [3](https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/fabby-photo-video-editor/id1147967413?mt=8)) or stayed at university, getting their scientific degrees and training some high school / university students in the process. That's all quite boring. I recently found out about some unusual careers of former olympians. By "unusual" I mean something like this:
[Nikolai Durov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Durov) — won ICPCs of 2000 & 2001 and also performed really well at some IOIs and IMOs. He co-founded VK and Telegram. (I don't think I really needed to introduce him)
Jakub Pachocki — 2nd place at ICPC '12 and 1st at GCJ of the same year. Last month I saw him at The International [presenting](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yK5SxX3Ujs0&feature=youtu.be&t=12m15s) a Dota 2 bot by a [really cool ML project](https:/...
Most of ICPC veterans I know joined companies like Google, Facebook, Yandex or
someyounger tech
24.
Saratov State U Summer School — "Sazanka 2013" <img src="http://assets.codeforces.com/photos/sazanka-2010/large-IMG_2742.JPG" style="width:350px;float:right;margin:1em;"></span></h2><h2>The first information letter</h2><br>
### General information
In the first part of August 2013 Saratov State University runs an international student summer school in computer programming. The exact dates are 5-15 of August. Teams of
three people and individual participants are invited to take part in it.
The school will take place in a picturesque place at one of Saratov resort centers on the Volga bank. The participants will be
provided comfortable rooms for 2-4 people and meals three times a day. The resort center owns a beach and sport grounds.
<img src="http://assets.codeforces.com/photos/sazanka-2010/large-IMG_2552.JPG" style="width:330px;float:left;margin:1em;">
It will be 10 training days. The school includes lectures by Saratov state university coaches, joint trainings, problems tutorials
and topical workshops. The curriculu...
curriculum is designed for younger university students who aspire to achieve
high results at programming, designed for younger university students who aspire to achieve high results at
programming
25.
Some Reflections [Cross-post from AoPS] Hey Codeforces,
I made a [post](http://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c5h1266176_some_reflections) on AoPS that I thought you guys might find interesting. The original context was math contests in the US, but I think much of it applies to CS (and more generally) too.
-----
Hey AoPS, it’s good to be back. I’m feeling a little sentimental right now, but I guess that’s alright—it’s been six years since I first found you, and it’s been a long journey since. I was a sixth grader then, just starting Mathcounts, unsure if I’d even make the school team. I fell in love with For The Win! (Alpha) and played it during lunch break, after school, even the morning before Mathcounts Nats. In ninth and tenth grade, I scoured the Olympiad fora, wondering if there existed some magic advice that could propel me all the way to MOP. I was chasing after the mathematical footsteps of my Exeter friends then, always feeling a few steps behind. And now I’ve graduated high school. Contests are over fo...
was younger (that I still hear passed around): _“Don’t learn higher math in
high school—you’ll have, I received a piece of advice when I was younger (that I still hear passed
around): _“Don’t learn
26.
How to expand the class of problems in CP without losing objectivity + simplifying organization **Who am I?** I took up ACM ICPC in 2006 as a student, went to the semi-finals 5 times, trained the teams of a provincial university, held several camps for schoolchildren from the zero level and above, and participated in the organization of regional competitions many times (ContestSfedu aka Championship of the South of the Russia aka GP of Azov Sea — Opencup). In recent years, I have been pursuing a career, so I do not actively participate in the sports program, but from time to time I continue to help in holding competitions in Taganrog.
**Why am I speaking out?** More and more often I find myself thinking that competition programming does not keep up with the rapidly changing world and it becomes more difficult to find arguments for students to do it. It's probably easier with schoolchildren, but it's only a matter of time. Do those who organize ICPC, school Olympiads, etc. understand this problem? — I don't know, because I'm not actively involved in the activities o...
obtained, regardless of whether the competition is held among younger students
or among top, table of results will be obtained, regardless of whether the competition is
held amongyounger
27.
Notes on Codeforces Beta Round #52, A, B, C, D(Edit Distance), E(Jumping Pointer and Amortized Analysis) A. Bar
If the current input is a number, i.e., the age, then it suffices to check whether this is not younger than 18 or not. If the current input is the name of some drink, then it is sufficient to check whether this belongs to the list of alcohol drinks or not.
B. Spoilt Permutation
We can adopt two pointers p1 and p2, which start at the first position and the last position, respectively. Then, we move p1 to the right until we meet an element which is not equal to its index. Similarlt, we move p2 to the left and find the first element that is not equal to its index. It is obvious that if p1>=p2, then the answer should be "0 0"; otherwise we should further check that whether each element a[j], where p1<=j<=p2, will satisfy the condition
a[j]=p2-(j-p1)
If for all the elements from p1 to p2, inclusively, the above equation hold, the answer will be "p1 p2"; otherwise it is "0 0".
C. Corporation Mail
At first sight, this problem might seem a little complicated. Never...
is not younger than 18 or not. If the current input is the name of some drink,
then it is sufficient, younger than 18 or not. If the current input is the name of some drink, then it
is sufficient to check
28.
Programming contests and programming languages (in problems) A couple of days ago I wondered how many authors (except for me) write problems about programming languages. I was hoping to be not alone in my passion to this topic; but the reality exceeded all expectations.
Of course, problems which feature programming languages are much scarcer than ones about computers, processors, microchips, parallel computing, databases and other IT things, but still
much more frequent than ones about, say, dragons :-)
#### 1. TopCoder ####
The early years of TopCoder presented the participants with several programming-languages-featuring problems.
[cut]
Most of them (7/9) are pretty similar: given the source code written in C- or Pascal-like language,
analyze it and report the result.
| Problem | Task |
|--|--|
| [QuiningTopCoder](http://community.topcoder.com/stat?c=problem_statement&pm=1764) | Write an interpreter for Unefunge |
| [ScriptLanguage](http://community.topcoder.com/stat?c=problem_statement&pm=1956) | Given source code in Visual...
#### On Codeforces the things are pretty good, especially given that the site
is muchyounger than the, On Codeforces the things are pretty good, especially given that the site is much
younger than the
29.
I want to propose a feature regarding alt accounts / multi accounts **Why add anything?**
My current problem is that alt accounts mess up the rating system and rankings in the lower divisions.
**My solution:**
People create alt accounts for certain reasons. I would like to propose a feature that gives people **an alternative to regular alt accounts**. I don't want to take away alt accounts, I want to improve the experience in a meaningful way.
**Why do people participate in contests with alt accounts?**
- self assurance that their real rating is justified
- desire to participate in low Division contests as real as possible
- desire to chase a positive feedback loop (dopamine kicks)
- desire to start a new account, because the main account is hardstuck/peaked
- desire to participate in lower Division hacking
- …
**My solution in details:**
Allow people to create and manage fairAlt accounts through their main account settings.
**a fairAlt (basic):**
- can be created with 1 button click
- starts at 0 rating
- can gain ra...
additional fairAlt features:** - allow 2 accounts to be merged (the younger
account becomes the fairAlt, - allow 2 accounts to be merged (the younger account becomes the fairAlt of the
older account
30.
Summer Training Camp in Saratov "Sazanka 2011" <h2><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: medium; ">
<img src="http://assets.codeforces.com/photos/sazanka-2010/large-IMG_2742.JPG" style="width:350px;float:right;margin:1em;"></span></h2><h2>The first information letter</h2><br>
<h3>General information</h3><br>
<p>
From 1nd to 11th August 2011 Saratov State University runs an international student summer school in computer programming. Teams of three people and individual participants are invited to take part in it.
</p>
<p>
The school will take place in a picturesque place at one of Saratov resort centers on the Volga bank. The participants will be provided comfortable rooms for 2-4 people and meals three times a day. The resort center owns a beach and sport grounds.
</p>
<p>
<img src="http://assets.codeforces.com/photos/sazanka-2010/large-IMG_2552.JPG" style="width:330px;float:left;margin:1em;">
It will be 10 training days. The school includes lectures by Saratov state university co...
is designed for younger university students who aspire to achieve high results
at programming, younger university students who aspire to achieve high results at programming
competitions. Official
31.
Invitation to CodeChef November Cook-Off 2016 Hello CodeForces Community!
Happy Thanksgiving Everyone! I hope you are done with your preparations and are all set for a delectable Thanksgiving supper with your loved ones. I too would like to invite you to an early Thanksgiving celebration at [CodeChef November Cook-Off] (https://www.codechef.com/COOK76). As usual it is scheduled for the second last Sunday of the month.
Joining me on the problem setting panel, we have:
- Problem setter: [user:iscsi,2016-11-19] (Istvan Nagy)
- Contest Admin: [user:PraveenDhinwa,2016-11-19] (Praveen Dhinwa)
- Tester and Editorialist: [user:kevinsogo,2016-11-19] (Kevin Charles Atienza)
- Russian Translator : [user:CherryTree,2016-11-19] (Sergey Kulik)
- Mandarin Translator: [user:huzecong,2016-11-19] (Hu Zecong)
- Vietnamese Translator: VNOI Team
This is my first time as a short contest problem setter.
The contest hero is Sebi my first child, who has three younger sister so probably he will have a hard childho...
contest hero is Sebi my first child, who has three younger sister so probably
he will have a hard, , who has three younger sister so probably he will have a hard childhood.:P I
hope you will enjoy
32.
Is CP Fun? 3 years later Hello Codeforces community,
Three years ago, I posted [this blog](https://mirror.codeforces.com/blog/entry/85590). It's been a long time since then, and I'm glad to see some of the newer replies sharing what Competitive Programming (CP) has meant for them.
I'm now in my third year of university, focusing mostly on software engineering and contributing to some open-source projects that I find interesting.
Reflecting back, my feelings about CP are now solidified; it was an incredible detour in my life. The sad, happy, fun, and stressful moments all add up to the rich experience of Competitive Programming.
I've increasingly realized how a strong foundation in Competitive Programming has greatly enhanced my problem-solving skills. For those wondering if CP is fun, I'd say it's **both** yes and no. Like all things in life, the experience was full of ups and downs.
You'll have fun experiences, stressful ones, and perhaps even some unpleasant encounters. However, you'll also meet some...
(especially if you're still in high school or younger), it's a truly
remarkable opportunity to explore., in high school or younger), it's a truly remarkable opportunity to explore.
Perhaps, somewhere
33.
Another I've achieved some xxx rating blog. Hi, sorry for interrupting you from learning binary search.
A year ago I saw some similar blogs and they somehow motivated me, so I am posting this, maybe it'll motivate you)
And one more reason — I want to thank everyone who helped me along the way:
- My mother, and younger brother, they helped me a lot and believed in me
- [user:Um_nik,2023-08-06] with his posts(especially this one https://mirror.codeforces.com/blog/entry/98806)
- [user:ProHackers,2023-08-06] and [user:Capitan,2023-08-06], They taught me to love solving problems and I got a lot useful and free tips from them :)
- And my friends, who believed in me(even more than I do) [user:CodeN7,2023-08-06], [user:Vyacheslav_23,2023-08-06]
So... Yesterday I became a master. Yeah, I know that this wasn't my main goal and many guys have achieved master too, but in any case, I think this small achievement is enough to create such a post.
I just want to say, believe in yourself, watch anime and enjoy solving problems! And I ...
— I want to thank everyone who helped me along the way: - My mother, and
younger brother, younger brother, they helped me a lot and believed in me -
[user:Um_nik,2023-08-06] with his posts
34.
How to convince people that programming is fun? This topic is probably as old as programming itself, but maybe someone can help me.
I had an opportunity to organize several camps for some pupils (age 14-16). They were pretty good in mathematics and puzzles in general. My job there was to show them why programming (and algorithms) is also pretty decent.
I show them some problems, teach them basic programming skills, but after several years I noticed that the most important thing in teaching such things is showing them why programming is important and why should they learn this. I should sell them not knowledge, but attitude during this week.
Do you have any idea how to convince younger generations why they should start programming? Why did you start? What is convincing you to still solve algorithmic problems?
Happy New Year and thanks in advance for your responses and ideas :)
this week. Do you have any idea how to convince younger generations why they
should start, Do you have any idea how to convince younger generations why they should start
programming? Why did
35.
What is it like to be a problem writer? A couple of days ago I was asked to answer the question "What is it like to be a problem writer for programming competitions?" at Quora web-site. My first idea of the answer had only one word, but then I've thought of a more detailed one, and then of a story I must include, hmm, and I should definitely mention this... Around the second page I realized that this is becoming more than an answer, and at the third one I decided to share this article with a qualified audience --- that would be you.
So, what is it like to be a problem writer for programming competitions?
In one word (the one I've thought of at first), it's "awesome". In a bit more detail, "hard, sometimes unrewarding, but anyways fascinating job". In even more detail...
[cut]
First of all, inventing problems is more interesting than solving problems invented by other people --- otherwise problems for tournaments and regular contests would be written by contest organizers only :-) The author is more important for th...
harder the competition between writers is and the younger and less experiences
the writer is, the
36.
Congratulations! orzdevinwang may become one of the youngest LGMs as well! He is only in grade 9 ;)
In Round 752 (right now), he ranked 14th and will gain +104 rating, then, become the youngest LGM (even younger than djq_cpp)
Congratulations!
(even younger than djq_cpp)
37.
Saratov Summer School "Sazanka 2010" <h2><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: medium; "><img src="http://acm.sgu.ru/sazanka-2010/sazanka-2009-1.jpg" style="width:250px;float:right;margin:1em;"></span></h2><h2>The first information letter</h2><br>
<h3>General information</h3><br>
<p>
From 2nd to 12th August 2010 Saratov State University runs an international student summer school in computer programming. Teams of three people and individual participants are invited to take part in it.</p>
<p>
The school will take place in a picturesque place at one of Saratov resort centers on the Volga bank. The participants will be provided comfortable rooms for 2-4 people and meals three times a day. The resort center owns a beach and sport grounds.
</p>
<p>
<img src="http://acm.sgu.ru/sazanka-2010/sazanka-2009-2.jpg" style="width:330px;float:left;margin:1em;">
The school curriculum includes lectures by Saratov state university coaches, joint trainings, problems tutorials and topical w...
workshops. The curriculum is designed for younger university students who
aspire to achieve high, , problems tutorials and topical workshops. The curriculum is designed for
younger university students who
38.
Will liuhengxi achieve LGM in grade 9? As far as I know, he is in grade 9 now, which is one year younger than orzdevinwang.
He is gaining rating in recent contests and previous LGMs in grade 9 are djq-cpp and orzdevinwang(comment below if you know more).
Meanwhile I'm stuck between 2600~2700, hope I will become stronger next year o(>_<)o
As far as I know, he is in grade 9 now, which is one year younger than
orzdevinwang.
39.
One coder's appreciation towards this platform Just finished Codeforces Round #529 (Div. 3).
Tried my best and only answered 2 questions (though on a good day, I would've had the 3rd one. Stupid TLE).
Thank you to all the problem-setters and all others who contributed to this contest as well as all the other contests of the past.
I remember the first time my younger brother showed me competitive coding while I was taking my data structures class (5 months ago).
I told him, "This shit seems so stupid. I'm not gonna waste my time with this."
A month after the class, I was almost exclusively doing competitive coding.
I think if this platform didn't exist, I would have lost my passion for coding, and it would have been very likely that I quit.
I've done my share of drugs in the past, and honestly, nothing is more exhilarating than getting your solution accepted on 1 try and locking it with confidence.
The community here is amazing.
Once I get better, I hope to contribute to the community that I love.
Sucks that I can on...
remember the first time my younger brother showed me competitive coding while
I was taking my data, the other contests of the past. I remember the first time my younger brother
showed me competitive
40.
God Forbid! Some years ago I made the following blog: [Thank God, No more magic](https://mirror.codeforces.com/blog/entry/111427).
I want to now assert, although uselessly, that those days of juvenile joy are over. I want to fully apologize for the undeserved enthusiasm for such an event. If I could go back, I would try to tell my younger self not to stray on such a hateful path. But alas, as we grow old, we can only be filled with regrets.
my younger self not to stray on such a hateful path. But alas, as we grow old,
we can only be filled, would try to tell my younger self not to stray on such a hateful path. But
alas, as we grow old, we can
41.
[OI in China] Announcement on Age Requirements for Participation in CSP-J/S Certification **This article relies on DeepSeek-R1 for translation.**
Or you can see the original text on [this site](https://www.noi.cn/xw/2025-02-13/837984.shtml).
-----
Studying computer science is beneficial for cultivating logical thinking and problem-solving skills in adolescents. However, this requires a foundational knowledge base and cognitive abilities, and earlier participation is not necessarily better. In recent years, there has been a trend of increasingly younger elementary school students participating in the CCF Non-Professional Software Competency Certification (CSP-J/S). Premature participation in CSP-J/S by elementary school students negatively impacts their physical and mental health and regular academic development, which also contradicts the original purpose of CCF's certification program. Additionally, some middle schools have begun using elementary students’ CSP-J/S results as a reference for admissions, leading to significant utilitarian tendencies that disrupt nor...
increasingly younger elementary school students participating in the CCF
Non-Professional Software Competency, necessarily better. In recent years, there has been a trend of increasingly
younger elementary school
42.
Coding test problems Hello guys
Recently I gave many tests and got frustated because I could not get many,but even after the test i tried ,but could not get ideas,can u give ideas,these questions are from mutiple company.
(sprinklr)
1)Given a array of n(<10^5) numbers and also a number k,WE have to divide into k continuous segments which covers the whole array so that maximum of all segments is minimum
eg)n=5,k=3 ,arr[]={5,10,30,20,15}
it's optimal to take {5,10},{30},{20,15},so that maximum of sum of all numbers in the subarray is minimised
here minimum possible is max(5+10,30,20+15)=35
in the task they mentioned that :
expected time complexity:o(n*(log(m))),m=sum of all dishes time duration
(Graviton)
2)we have 3 containers .Each consists of nx,ny,nz balls respectively(1<=nx,ny,nz<=10^5).bag1 cotains nx balls and on each ball a number is written,similarly for other balls in all bags(numbers written on balls <10^5),you can pick one ball from each container ,find number of ways such tha...
pick{5,7,2} or {6,7,1} (De shaw) 3)You gave your younger sister a maths
problem. She currently, 3)You gave your younger sister a maths problem. She currently knows about
digits, numbers
43.
Boy or Girl Paradox. [question link:interviewbit](https://www.interviewbit.com/problems/boy-or-girl-paradox/)
### Supposedly a friend of yours has 2 children and at least one of them is a boy. What is the probability that the other is also a boy?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Their explanation:Byjus](https://byjus.com/question-answer/a-pair-has-two-children-if-one-of-them-is-boy-then-the-probability-that-other-is-also-a-boy-is/)
answer according to their approach is **1/3**.
### **My approach**:
le the boy child be represented as B and girl as G ,younger child as 2 and elder child as 1.
So total outcomes are:((B1,B2),(B1,G2),(G1,B2),(G1,G2)).
so the known boy can be B1 or B2.
the probability of boy being elder child and he having a brother is (B1,B2)=(1/2)*(1/2).
the the probability of boy being younger child and he having a brother is (B1,B2)=(1/2)*(1/2).
so final proba...
**: le the boy child be represented as B and girl as G ,younger child as 2 and
elder child as 1, le the boy child be represented as B and girl as G ,younger child as 2 and
elder child as 1., the the probability of boy being younger child and he having a brother is
(B1,B2)=(1/2)*(1/2).
44.
A Request about Contest Timings/Dates Hi Contest/Problem Creators:
I have two requests for you all about contest timings and dates:
1. Can we have more weekend contests? This helps people like me who are students (college or younger) since we have a lot of school work etc. which makes us unavailable on weekdays. It is also great for adults to because they have work. Saturdays are best of course.
2. Can we also have a couple contests (not too often) that are a little later in time? People like me on the west coast of the Americas sometimes have a little trouble attending contests in the morning. For example, attending a contest at roughly 5:35 am PST is quite difficult to attend being so early (idk about you but my brain is at least 50% asleep at that time :) ). I am not asking for contests later than around 7-8 am PST to be held too often, as people in China or east of that may have trouble attending as well. So, maybe once a month?
Thanks,
[user:pmaddineedi,2026-02-01]
. Can we have more weekend contests? This helps people like me who are students
(college oryounger, younger) since we have a lot of school work etc. which makes us unavailable on
weekdays. It is also great
45.
Weird Test Case in Problem: Queue Round#75: Hello everybody;
I've been dealing with this problem about a time, but I can't understand what the pretest 2 stands about. take a Look;
Test 2:
7
10 4 6 3 2 8 15
The problem statement says that the displeasure of the _i_-th walrus is the number if younger walrus between _i_ and the index of the further walrus who has an age less than the age of the _i_th walrus;
On this example take the walrus with age '4', the furthers walrus which is younger than him is the walrus with age 2; this closed interval is about (0-based) 2-3 which are walrus with age 6 and 3, only the walrus with age 3 is younger than walrus with age for. In my mind this result should be:
4 1 1 0 -1 -1 -1 instead of:
4 2 1 0 -1 -1 -1
can someone help me to figure out what is wrong ?
says that the displeasure of the _i_-th walrus is the number if younger walrus
between _i_ and the, On this example take the walrus with age '4', the furthers walrus which is
younger than him is the, The problem statement says that the displeasure of the _i_-th walrus is the
number ifyounger
46.
EJOI 2017 (European Junior Olympiad of Informatics) Hi everyone. As we know this september there will be held in Sofia, Bulgaria the first European Junior Olympiad of Informatics.
Here is the oficial website: [EJOI](http://ejoi.org/index.html). So students who were born on 31st December 2001 and younger will participate. I will also participate, even though the cometee of my country didn't announce any of it's students yet but i classified first between juniors at the team selection for IOI. It would be nice if you will post here who will participate from your country if you know that. Thanks!
students who were born on 31st December 2001 and younger will participate. I
will also participate
47.
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generation appearance trendy fresh, are the basic new technique for building the younger generation appearance
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48.
2012 Fantasy Football Sleepers 1 of the keys to winning a fantasy football league is the capacity to draft Sleepers. "Sleepers" are NFL players who are drafted in significantly decrease rounds in your fantasy football drafts than their ending statistics warrant. We have noticed championships won on the heels of unknowns this kind of as Miles Austin in 2009 and Arian Foster in 2010 and rookies coming of age significantly faster than expected, such as Cam Newton in 2011. They have come out of nowhere to register monster years soon after becoming double-digit or waiver wire picks. No 1 expected that. When you can grab a player at the finish of your draft that turns into your amount one producer at a specified place, you, my buddies, have a real Sleeper. Under are projected fantasy football sleepers by place for the 2012 season.<br/><br/>2012 Fantasy Football Sleepers<br/>QB: Carson Palmer (Oakland) — Palmer worked his way out of Cincinnati and into an additional starting work <a href="http://www.webbearsfanstore....
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Alshon Jeffery (CHI), TE, Ryan Williams (AZ), WR Titus Younger (DET), WR Alshon Jeffery (CHI), TE Lance
Kendricks (STL).
49.
Share mashup with friends I've recently created a problem in Polygon and added it to a Mashup. I know that Mashups can't be made public, but is there at least a way to share them with my friends? I'm working on educating younger coders and making problems for them to play with about things we're learning is very attractive to me.
younger coders and making problems for them to play with about things we're
learning is very attractive
50.
Veteran Competitive Programmers of Codeforces — What would you say to your younger self? Hello Codeforces Community.
This question is for people who have been doing CP for a lot of time. Given a chance to start all over again, what advice would you give to your former self to improve faster? You can include anything from mistakes you frequently did and improved upon after a long time to topics you procrastinated studying.?
Veteran Competitive Programmers of Codeforces — What would you say to your
younger self?
51.
Brain Stroming 3 Harder After many years, two friends met. In the discussion, it was found out that both of them were married and in the water. The first friend asked the second friend the number of his children and he replied that the sum of their ages was 13. When he asked for some more information to find out the age of each, he said that the product of their ages is equal to the number of windows in the building next to them. The first friend asked for some more information and the second friend said that if the younger son has blue eyes. Then the first friend was able to find out the age of each of his children. Find out their ages by mathematical analysis.
[translated by google translate]
younger son has blue eyes. Then the first friend was able to find out the age
of each of his children
52.
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photos, the little black
54.
black the north face red jackets Let me say a living master of style. Lafayette Karl Lagerfeld, Chanel and Fendi, creative director, 75 years old, but also the spirit of the way to go. Each played on a number of spectrum put enough. Hubert de Givenchy, the Givenchy brand's founder, who Audrey Hepburn and Mrs. Kennedy designing clothes, 80 years old. Although the year because of the LVMH acquisition of things, Givenchy by Bernard Arnault is not a light with anger. Fortunately, all right, Father still alive gusto. Slightly younger YSL brand's founder, Yves Saint-Lauren, 72 years old. The following two photos, the little black dress designed by <a href="http://www.onlinethenorthfaceoutlet.com/womens-primaloft-thermal-jacket-in-traffic-purple-p-106.html"><strong>Women's Primaloft Thermal Jacket In Traffic Purple </strong></a>Givenchy for Audrey Hepburn, than Chanel's gorgeous. The first Breakfast at Tiffany's stills, and second Sabrina stills. If you create still-brainer, then explore the beauty not only enjoyable, not a ...
younger YSL brand's founder, Yves Saint-Lauren, 72 years old. The following two
photos, the little black
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