I got to IOI solving — and upsolving — a bit late and I just recently finished it (with help of various comments). One thing I didn't really see there was: how would you have done?

Here are my comments about the problems:

• aliens: a common DP + convex hull trick; apparently, gets TLE for the 5th subtask and even O(NK) has trouble fitting within the TL; 60pts

• shortcut: I knew that there's binsearch (from a similar TC problem); afterwards, finding an solution isn't hard, but improving it enough to get more points is; 93pts

• railroad: mfw — I didn't move beyond a bitset DP; even though I had a lot of ideas including what turned out to be the correct one (finding a flow), I thought it'd be some kind of greedy, but those are numerous and hard to check in this case; the last subtask was very easy after solving the 3rd; 34pts

• messy: the bounds are 7·2⁷ with N = 2⁷, so it has to be D&C; full score

• paint, molecules: easy 100pt problems

So that'd give me 7th place.

The first solution I got 93pts for in shortcut was this: when checking if the diameter is  ≤ D and considering i to be the left endpoint, find the largest j = j₁(i) such that a shortcut between i and j gives all distances within the created cycle  ≤ D, the largest j = j₂(i) such that all distances between vertices from the cycle and vertices to the left of i are  ≤ D, then symmetrically for each j the smallest i = i₃(j) such that all distances between vertices from the cycle and those to the right of j are  ≤ D. There are also distances between pairs of vertices not on the cycle, but those are easy.

For j₂(i), we can find the leftmost vertex k₂(i) to the right of i such that it's farther from some vertex to the left of i without a shortcut; then, all other vertices on the cycle must be reachable using the shortcut, so pos(j₂) - pos(a) + d(a) + C + lft(i) ≤ D for all vertices a between k₂ and j₂; here, pos is the position of each vertex on the main line (prefix sum of l) and lft(i) is the maximum distance to the left from i; we can extend it to all vertices a to the right of k₂, which gives us a bound on pos(j₂); we can find j₂ by binsearching. Also, k₂ can be found using an RMQ table for max(pos+d) and an RMQ-like search.

With j₁(i), we can do something similar to finding j₂ for each vertex, but only for distances to i exactly, not to the left of i (so there's d(i) instead of lft(i)); j₁(i) can be computed as their suffix minima.

We're left with this problem: there's an interval I_l(i) and I_r(i) for each i; are there some i, j such that and ? This can be solved e.g. using another RMQ table, in which we'll store the minimum left ends of I_r in ranges of j; the right ends of I_r aren't important. Then, for each i, we can find out if the minimum in I_l(i) is  ≤ i. (Alternatively, we can use a sweepline algorithm and store opened I_r-s in a set<>.)

How simple. /sarcasm

I tried to optimise this, but there was no way to squeeze it even into 97 points — surprisingly, since I didn't really need to optimise to get 93pts.

I got full score on shortcut using an approach based on http://mirror.codeforces.com/blog/entry/46518?#comment-310338 (note: extending to all pairs i, j is probably unnecessary and wrong — if i = j, we get a non-path which can be longer than D). The hardest part is computing the smallest j > i and largest i < j such that u[i] + v[j] > D, since u[i] and v[j] don't have to be monotonous.