[Apologize for my poor English.]
The code at https://godbolt.org/z/PP1TTdhxf outputs 1. However, if you simulate the code, the answer is obviously 20.
Further exploration showed that the compiler compiled function qpw, but did not call it. Uncomment line 22 solves the issue, surprisingly. Further more, the bug seems to only occur on gcc12.1 and gcc12.2, with -O2 enabled.
I believe the code does not contain any undefined / unspecified behavior.
It was because when O2 enabled it does run faster however every variable you create if you don't have a value for it, it will be undefined instead of 0 like default. So therefore, you must define every variables before working on it. (So uncomment line 22 will actually solve the issue)
Please read the code carefully. On line 9, I cleared up every variable in mat, and since it's a constructor, no undefined value is envolved during calculation.
oh yeah I'm sorry about that, and I just find out that if you add cout<<b.mat[0][0]<<" "<<b.mat[0][1]<<" "<<b.mat[1][0]<<" "<<b.mat[1][1]<<"\n"; in your operator * (Matrix b) you will get 20
Because it also adds a side affect, and avoids wrong optimization.
Uncommenting line 22 makes a side affect, and avoids the compiler to (wrongly) optimize out the function call.
It seems like the compiler used
qpwfunction as a constexpr one to optimize the call out, but it is not marked as constexpr. Very strange, maybe it is a bug indeed.I added an
operator=function which works just fine. https://godbolt.org/z/vjb4vdczc