So, what's up with pow()?

Here at Codeforces it is quite common to see solutions that use pow() fail. Most recently this was the case in round #333 problem div2A. Whose fault is it?

Level 1 answer is that it is obviously the contestant's fault. The contestant should have been aware that pow operates on floating-point numbers and that there can be precision errors. If you expect that a floating-point variable contains an integer, you cannot just cast it to an int. The small precision errors mean that your nice round 100 can actually be stored as 100.00000001 (in which case the typecast to an int still works), but it can also be stored as 99.99999999 (in which case the typecast will produce a 99).

So, what should you do? Be scared and avoid pow() completely? Nah. Just be aware that precision errors may occur. Instead of truncating the value inside the variable, round it to the nearest integer. See "man llround", for instance.

That being said, it's time for the...

Level 2 answer. Wait a moment. Why the f*#& should there be a precision error when I'm computing something as simple as 10^2? Ten squared is clearly 100. Shouldn't the value returned by pow() be as precise as possible? In this case, 100 can be represented exactly in a double. Why isn't the return value 100? Isn't the compiler violating any standards if my program computes 99.99999999 instead?

Well, kind of.

The standard that actually matters is the C++ standard. Regardless of which one you look into (be it the old one, C++11, or C++14), you will find that it actually never states anything about the required precision of operations such as exp(), log(), pow(), and many others. Nothing at all. (At least to the best of my knowledge.) So, technically, the compiler is still "correct", we cannot claim that it violates the C++ standard here.

However, there is another standard that should apply here: the international standard ISO/IEC/IEEE 60559:2011, previously known as the standard IEEE 754-2008. This is the standard for the floating point arithmetic. What does it say about the situation at hand?

The function pow() is one of about 50 functions that are recommended